Requirements for Chinese Text Layout
中文排版需求

Song 宋体 宋體

Song, also known as Songti or Ming, is currently the most common typeface used in Chinese printing. As seen in [[[#fig-song]]].

宋体，又称为明体或明朝体，是中文排版最常使用的字体。如[[[#fig-song]]]所示。

宋體，又稱為明體或明朝體，是中文排版最常使用的字體。如[[[#fig-song]]]所示。

Song is commonly used in text, headings and annotations. When used in headings, the characters will appear in a bold face, so as to distinguish the heading from the text.

普遍使用于内文文字、标题与注释。当应用于标题时，通常会特别加强字重，使其与内文有所差异。

普遍使用於內文文字、標題與注釋。當應用於標題時，通常會特別加強字重，使其與內文有所差異。

Kai 楷体 楷體

Kai also known as Kaiti or regular script, is another major typeface, which provides calligraphic styles for Chinese text. It shows notable handwriting features. As seen in [[[#fig-kai]]].

楷体又称正书、真书，为中文排版常用的字体。字体特性为带有书法形态、手写笔触。如[[[#fig-kai]]]所示。

楷體又稱正書、真書，為中文排版常用的字體。字體特性為帶有書法形態、手寫筆觸。如[[[#fig-kai]]]所示。

Kai is commonly used in official documents and textbooks. Most official documents in Taiwan use Kai in full text.

楷体普遍用于公文书、教科书。台湾的公文书多全文使用楷体。

楷體普遍用於公文書、教科書。臺灣的公文書多全文使用楷體。

Kai can also be combined with other typefaces to be used in text that needs to be differentiated from the rest of the content, for example, headlines, references, quotations, and dialogs.

楷体也可与其他字体搭配，用于标题、引言、摘句、对话、内容出处等与内文有所不同的段落上。

楷體也可與其他字體搭配，用於標題、引言、摘句、對話、內容出處等與內文有所不同的段落上。

Hei 黑体 黑體

Hei, also known as Heiti or Gothic, is a type style characterized by strokes of even thickness and less decoration, as seen in [[[#fig-hei]]].

黑体又作方体，字体特性为笔画宽度平均，较少装饰。如[[[#fig-hei]]]所示。

黑體又作方體，字體特性為筆畫寬度平均，較少裝飾。如[[[#fig-hei]]]所示。

Traditionally, publications rarely apply the Hei style for content, but with the growing influence of the World Wide Web and the digital publishing industry, some publications are starting to experiment Hei in this context.

传统印刷品少使用黑体作为内文文字，但受到万维网、数字出版的影响，也有少数书籍开始使用黑体作为内文字体。

傳統印刷品少使用黑體作為內文文字，但受到萬維網、數位出版的影響，也有少數書籍開始使用黑體作為內文字體。

Hei can also be used with other typefaces. It is commonly used in headlines, signs, and personal names in dialogs. In body text, characters in Hei style with thicker strokes typically indicate emphasis.

黑体也可与其他字体搭配，用于标题、图说、对话之人名。内文中也会使用字重较粗的黑体作为特定文字的强调、着重。

黑體也可與其他字體搭配，用於標題、圖說、對話之人名。內文中也會使用字重較粗的黑體作為特定文字的強調、著重。

Fangsong 仿宋体 仿宋體

The Fangsong (Imitation Song) style lies between Song and Kai. As seen in [[[#fig-fangsong]]].

仿宋体的字体形态介于宋体与楷体之间。如[[[#fig-fangsong]]]所示。

仿宋體的字體形態介於宋體與楷體之間。如[[[#fig-fangsong]]]所示。

Fangsong is often used in literary works and ancient books, while Mainland China stipulates that the official documents of the government should use Fangsong in principle.

仿宋体常用于文艺作品和古籍，而中国大陆则规定政府公文原则上应使用仿宋体。

仿宋體常用於文藝作品和古籍，而中國大陸則規定政府公文原則上應使用仿宋體。

Fangsong can also be used with other typefaces. It is commonly used in secondary titles and isolated paragraphs such as quotations or highlighted sentences.

仿宋体也可与其他字体搭配，常用于副标题和引言、摘句等区别于内文的部分上。

仿宋體也可與其他字體搭配，常用於副標題和引言、摘句等區別於內文的部分上。

Science and technology literature 科技文献 科技文獻

Science and technology literature prefer U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [．] to U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP [。] so as to make a clear distinction from the letter [o] or digit [0].

科技文献中的“句号”多使用U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [．]替代U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP [。]，以避免同拉丁字母“o”或数字“0”混淆。

科技文獻中的「句號」多使用U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [．]替代U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP [。]，以避免同拉丁字母「o」或數字「0」混淆。

Special cases in publications from Taiwan and Hong Kong 港台中文出版品的特殊情况 港台中文出版品的特殊情況

In Traditional Chinese publications such as ancient books, science and technology literature, textbooks, or books that have quotations in Western text, some pause or stop punctuation marks, including the slight-pause comma, colon and period, are positioned following the marked characters. The same applies for Simplified Chinese as well as Japanese so as to unify punctuation styles for both Chinese and Western text.

在港台的古籍、科技文献、科学类教科书或常引西文的书籍中，也可见使用于被标注文字末端、字面始端的点号（顿号、逗号、句号），类似简体中文或日文标点符号，以保持中、西文标点体例一致。

在港台的古籍、科技文獻、科學類教科書或常引西文的書籍中，亦可見使用位受注文字末端、字面始端的點號（頓號、逗號、句號），類似簡體中文或日文標點符號，以保持中、西文標點體例一致。

Exclamatory question mark, repeating question marks and repeating exclamation marks 叹问号与问、叹号叠加 嘆問號與問、嘆號疊加

Exclamatory question marks are defined in the General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834—2011) as an extended usage of exclamation marks. For questions with a strong exclamatory tone of voice, it is appropriate to add an exclamation mark after the question mark (?!). However, it is common to see a question mark added after an exclamation mark (!?) in numerous publications as well. In addition, GB rules indicate that it is acceptable to chain up to 3 exclamation marks or question marks in succession (!!!, ???) for exclamatory statements or interrogative sentences which require greater emphasis.

叹问号于中国大陆《标点符号用法》（GB/T 15834—2011）中作为叹号的延伸用法，当语气同时具备强烈的疑问与感叹时，可于问号后加上叹号（?!）。然而在许多作品中，也常见在叹号后加上问号（!?）的用法。此外，在同标准的问号与叹号用法也指明在语气加重时可叠用问号或者叹号，最多可叠用到三个（!!!、???）。

嘆問號於中國大陸《標點符號用法》（GB/T 15834—2011）中作為嘆號的延伸用法，當語氣同時具備強烈的疑問與感嘆時，可於問號後加上嘆號（?!）。然而在許多作品中，也常見在嘆號後加上問號（!?）的用法。此外，在同標準的問號與嘆號用法也指明在語氣加重時可疊用問號或者嘆號，最多可疊用到三個（!!!、???）。

In print publications, GB rules state that when question marks and exclamation marks are chained, they are considered 1 em. Double question marks or double exclamation marks also 1 em. Triple question marks or triple exclamation marks are 2 em. In addition, for vertical writing mode in Taiwan, chained question marks or exclamation marks are upright and take up 1 em.

排版上，《标点符号用法》规定问号与叹号连用时，占一个字位置；两个问号或叹号叠用时，占一个字位置；三个问号或叹号叠用时，占两个字位置。此外，在台湾直排的习惯中，叹问号连用与问号、叹号叠用时，符号多直立，并且占一个字的位置。

排版上，《標點符號用法》規定問號與嘆號連用時，佔一個字位置；兩個問號或嘆號疊用時，佔一個字位置；三個問號或嘆號疊用時，佔兩個字位置。此外，在台灣直排的習慣中，嘆問號連用與問號、嘆號疊用時，符號多直立，並且佔一個字的位置。

Symbol of death 示亡号 示亡號

The symbol of death is not defined in the GB rules, but is a punctuation mark which is widely used by the commons. The symbol of death is a solid black border outside the character frame of a person's name to indicate the person is deceased. Its Western counterpart would be the dagger punctuation mark (U+2020 DAGGER [†] and U+2021 DOUBLE DAGGER [‡]).

示亡号并未列于标点符号相关标准文件，但却是民间经常使用的俗用符号。示亡号亦称示殁号，为在人名文字外框描上实心的黑色边线表示已经过世，类似西文中剑标（U+2020 DAGGER [†]与U+2021 DOUBLE DAGGER [‡]）之用法。

示亡號並未列於標點符號相關標準文件，但卻是民間經常使用的俗用符號。示亡號亦稱示殁號，為在人名文字外框描上實心的黑色邊線表示已經過世，類似西文中劍標（U+2020 DAGGER [†]與U+2021 DOUBLE DAGGER [‡]）之用法。

The symbol of death is used to indicate a person who had been recently deceased, and is often seen in name lists, official reports, genealogy records and so on. It is not used for people who have passed away for some time or well-known deceased individuals.

示亡号主要标示于近年过世的人名，常出现在名单、公报、族谱等人名列表上，用以告知此人已亡殁。而过世已久或众所皆知的历史人物不再加注。

示亡號主要標示於近年過世的人名，常出現在名單、公報、族譜等人名列表上，用以告知此人已亡歿。而過世已久或眾所皆知的歷史人物不再加註。

Indicating the pronunciation for Han characters 为汉字标注读音 為漢字標注讀音

In Chinese, interlinear annotation is most commonly used to indicate the pronunciation of Han characters. Presenting the pronunciation alongside the characters is a great help to beginners, especially to children who are native speakers, or to foreigners intending to study Chinese. Therefore, it is rare to annotate isolated Han characters. Instead, phonetic annotations tend to cover the full text. Also, it is not regular practice in Chinese layout to use interlinear annotation for pronunciation outside these educational contexts, even for the pronunciation of rarely used characters, although sometimes pronunciation is provided inline, possibly within brackets.

行间注最常见的用途是为汉字标注读音。汉字标音针对的是汉语初学者，包括母语为汉语的幼儿以及学习汉语的外国人士，因此对个别字标音的情况较少，多为全文标音。常规排版中没有行间注标音的习惯，对生僻字也几乎从不标音，即便标音也只是用行内括号标注。

行間注最常見的用途係為漢字標注讀音。漢字標音針對的是漢語初學者，包括母語為漢語的幼兒以及學習漢語的外國人士，因此對個別字標音的情況較少，多為全文標音。常規排版中沒有行間注標音的習慣，對生僻字也幾乎從不標音，即便標音也只是用行內括號標注。

There are two major annotation systems for indicating Chinese pronunciation: Bopomofo (Zhuyin) and Romanization.

中文的标音方案有注音符号与罗马拼音两大类：

中文的標音方案有注音符號與羅馬拼音兩大類：

1. Bopomofo.

   注音符号

   注音符號

   Mandarin Phonetic Symbols (國語注音符號) or Taiwanese Dialect Phonetic Symbols (台灣方音符號), hereinafter referred to as ‘Bopomofo’, are systems for phonetic annotation mainly used in Taiwan, although other areas may also include Bopomofo in certain dictionaries or textbooks. In most cases, Bopomofo appears on the right side of its corresponding base text. Exceptions are very rare.

   国语注音符号及台湾方音符号（以下统称注音或注音符号）标音系统多用于台湾，其他地区仅见于特定的辞典或教科书中。绝大多数的情况下，注音符号标注于相应汉字（基文）的右侧，例外情况非常少见。

   國語注音符號及台灣方音符號（以下統稱注音或注音符號）標音系統多用於台灣，其他地區僅見於特定的辭典或教科書中。絕大多數的情況下，注音符號標注於相應漢字（基文）的右側，例外情況非常少見。

   

2. Romanization.

   罗马拼音

   羅馬拼音

   Hanyu Pinyin (汉语拼音), now the official standard in Mainland China, uses the Latin alphabet to transcribe the Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin) pronunciations of Han characters. The most common use case in Mainland China is to indicate the pronunciation for all characters of the full text with Hanyu Pinyin. In Taiwan and areas that use Chinese dialects in China, the arrangement of the Taiwanese Romanization System for Minnan (台灣閩南語羅馬字), or romanization systems of other Chinese dialects are similar to those of Hanyu Pinyin.

   使用拉丁字母的汉语拼音是中国大陆推行的现代标准汉语（普通话）标音与拉丁转写方案，汉语拼音的全文标音也是中国大陆现代最常见的行间注用例。在中国大陆与台湾，台湾闽南语罗马字拼音等各种汉语方言的拉丁字母标音方案也有与汉语拼音情况类似的行间注用例。

   使用拉丁字母的漢語拼音是中國大陸推行的現代標準漢語（普通話）標音與拉丁轉寫方案，漢語拼音的全文標音也是中國大陸現代最常見的行間注用例。在台灣與中國大陸漢語方言使用地區，台灣閩南語羅馬字拼音等各種漢語方言的拉丁字母標音方案也有與漢語拼音情況類似的行間注用例。

   Due to the characteristics of the Latin alphabet, such annotations appear in horizontal writing mode only. Texts for children who are native speakers usually provide reading assistance for each individual character, while texts for those who are learning Chinese as a second language mainly indicate pronunciation for whole words, but occasionally, both of them are set almost the same. There is space between the base text when whole words are annotated, and the interlinear annotation characters will have unique requirements such as sentence case, or punctuation marks corresponding to base characters. The composition of early publications using pinyin was quite variable and not consistent. In general, both character-based and word-based annotations were quite common. No further description of the early pinyin will be found in this document.

   因拉丁字母的特质，此类标音文本仅横排。针对幼儿母语者的文本以单字作为基文进行标音。针对双语学习者的文本除偶有与前者一致的格式外，大多分词连写，以词作为基文进行标音，基文之间如西文书写一般用空格隔开，并且注文有句首大写、专名首字母大写等格式以及与正文对应的标点符号，自成一体。汉语拼音早期印刷品的格式较为多变，一致性不强。大体上，单字标音与分词连写标音都常见，不作详细述。

   因拉丁字母的特質，此類標音文本僅橫排。針對幼兒母語者的文本以單字作為基文進行標音。針對二語學習者的文本除偶有與前者一致的格式外，大多分詞連寫，以詞作為基文進行標音，基文之間如西文書寫般用空格隔開，並且注文有句首大寫、專名首字母大寫等格式以及與正文對應的標點符號，自成一體。漢語拼音早期印刷品的格式較為多變，一致性不強。大體上，單字標音與分詞連寫標音都常見，不作詳細描述。

   

Indicating meaning or other additional information 标注释义等非语音信息 標注釋義等非語音信息

1. Bilingual Annotations.

   中外文对照

   中外文對照

   Bilingual annotations aim to provide a Chinese translation of text in foreign languages or acronyms, or to offer the original text for words that have been translated into Chinese. This is mainly used for proper nouns, titles or those terms whose concepts are difficult to convey after translation. It is commonly found in translated works, mainly in light novels.

   为外来语、首字母缩略词标注其中译，或对翻译名词标注其原文，多见于专有名词、作品名及译后概念较难传达的词汇。常见于译作，尤以轻小说为主。

   為外來語、首字母縮略詞標注其中譯，或對翻譯名詞標注其原文，多見於專有名詞、作品名及譯後概念較難傳達的詞彙。常見於譯作，尤以輕小說為主。

   

2. Interlinear Comments.

   行间批语

   行間批語

   Interlinear comments are ways to annotate the meaning of text fragments or a single word, and are so named for their interlinear positioning. They usually lie in the interlinear space and co-exist with the body text. Compared to other annotation methods, i.e. headnotes or footnotes, interlinear comments are more compact and stick better to the body. These kinds of comments are often found in ancient books, such as Zhiyanzhai, an early commentary of the novel Dream of the Red Chamber.

   行间批语是为一段文本片段或单个词汇标注解释的排版方式，因共存于正文文本，显示于其行间而得名。行间批语比眉批、脚注等注释方法更具紧凑、依附性，多见于如《红楼梦》早期抄本的脂砚斋批语等古籍。

   行間批語是為一段文本片段或單個詞彙標注解釋的排版方式，因共存於正文文本，顯示於其行間而得名。行間批語較眉批、腳注等注釋方法更具緊湊、依附性，多見於如《紅樓夢》早期抄本的脂硯齋批語等古籍。

Positioning of Bopomofo symbols 注音符号的位置 注音符號的位置

According to the Handbook of Mandarin Phonetic Symbols (國語注音符號手冊) released by the Ministry of Education in Taiwan, there are two standard ways of positioning Bopomofo (Zhuyin): above the corresponding Han character (horizontal Bopomofo), or on the right side of the corresponding Han character (vertical Bopomofo). The use cases for putting Bopomofo above the base characters are rarely found in today's textbooks or other publications, and it is rarely used by the public at large. Therefore, it's always better practice to place Bopomofo annotations on the right side of their corresponding Han character, whether in horizontal or vertical writing mode.

根据台湾教育部制订的《国语注音符号手册》，将注音符号标注在汉字上方（横式注音）及右方（直式注音）的二种排版格式皆属官方标准，但在现今的教科书或其他印刷品中，将注音标注在汉字上方的格式非常罕见，一般大众也不易接受，因此，无论在直排或横排中，将注音符号标注在汉字右方都是较佳的作法。

根據台灣教育部制訂的《國語注音符號手冊》，將注音符號標注於漢字上方（橫式注音）及右方（直式注音）的二種排版格式皆屬官方標準，但在現今的教科書或其他印刷品中，將注音標注於漢字上方的格式非常罕見，一般大眾也不易接受，因此，無論在直排或橫排中，將注音符號標注在漢字右方都是較佳的作法。

Choice of size and ratio for Bopomofo symbols 注音符号的比例与大小 注音符號的比例與大小

1. The size of Bopomofo annotation marks, including the phonetic symbols and their tones, should not exceed the size of the corresponding base characters. When Bopomofo annotation marks are placed above or to the right side of the base characters, the width of the Bopomofo annotation marks should not exceed the size of the corresponding base characters.

   为汉字标注注音时，注文（注音及其调号）尺寸原则上不大于其受注汉字（基文）。注文位基字上方时的宽度或位基字右方时的高度，原则上不应超过基字的宽高。

   為漢字標注注音時，注文（注音及其調號）尺寸原則上不大於其受注漢字（基文）。注文位基字上方時的寬度或位基字右方時的高度，原則上不應超過基字之寬高。

2. When Bopomofo annotations are placed to the right side of base characters, in principle they should take half of the space of the corresponding base characters. The space should include the phonetic symbols as well as the tone marks. Bopomofo annotations without tone marks, such as the level tone in Mandarin, should take the same amount of space as annotations with tone marks.

   当注音标注在基字右侧时，原则上占用文字尺寸一半的空间。该空间包含字音与调号，无调号的注音（如国语阴平调）所占的注文空间与包含调号者一致。

   當注音標注於基字右側時，原則上佔用文字尺寸一半的空間。該空間包含字音與調號，無調號的注音（如國語陰平調）所佔的注文空間與包含調號者一致。

   In vertical writing mode, when Bopomofo annotations are placed to the right side of the base characters (vertical Bopomofo), the line gap of the paragraph, where the Bopomofo annotations should be placed, needs more than 1.5 times that of the base characters. The type area should be designed to allow the proper space for the line gap. If the line gap is more than 1.5 times that of the height of the base character, the line gap should not be affected, whether there are Bopomofo annotations between the lines or not.

   文字直排、注音置于基字右侧时，段落通常需要基字尺寸1.5倍以上的行距，注文应标注在此行距间，设计版心时须先取适当行距值。段落行距在基字尺寸1.5倍以上时，行距不应受注音标注与否的影响。

   文字直排、注音置於基字右側時，段落通常需要基字尺寸1.5倍以上的行距，注文應標注於此行距間，設計版心時須先取適當行距值。段落行距在基字尺寸1.5倍以上時，行距不應受注音標注與否的影響。

   In horizontal writing mode, when Bopomofo annotations are placed to the right side of the base characters (vertical Bopomofo), the spaces between the base characters, where the Bopomofo annotations are placed, should be at least half of the width of those characters. To achieve grid alignment, the characters without Bopomofo annotations, such as punctuation marks, Western words and indented spaces should keep the same space as well.

   文字横排、注音置于基字右侧时，段落间的汉字皆须预留基字尺寸一半以上的字距，每字皆然，注文应标注在此字距间。在纵横对齐的原则下，未标注注文的文字（如标点符号、西文词组、首行缩进的字数等）也会预留相同的空间。

   文字橫排、注音置於基字右側時，段落間的漢字皆須預留基字尺寸一半以上的字距，每字皆然，注文應標注於此字距間。在縱橫對齊的原則下，未標注注文的文字（如標點符號、西文詞組、首行縮進的字數等）也會預留相同的空間。

3. In principle, the size of Bopomofo annotations (including the phonetic symbols and the tone marks) to that of base characters ratio should be 3:10. In vertical Bopomofo, Bopomofo annotations should be vertically center-aligned to the base character, while in horizontal Bopomofo, Bopomofo annotations should be center-aligned over the base character beneath them.

   原则上，注文中各个符号（注音及调号）的尺寸与基字比3:10。直排注音时，注文整体垂直向基字置中对齐；横排注音时，注文整体水平向基字居中对齐。

   原則上，注文中各個符號（注音及調號）的尺寸與基字比3:10。直排注音時，注文整體垂直向基字置中對齊；橫排注音時，注文整體水平向基字置中對齊。

   The percentage rules above assume that all the tone marks (ˊˇˋ˪˫ㆴㆵㆶㆷ) and the neutral tone mark (˙) are set with the same font size as that of the base characters.

   所用字体中，平上去入声（ˊˇˋ˪˫ㆴㆵㆶㆷ）及轻声（˙）等调号皆应与汉字尺寸一致，方适用以上比例。

   所用字體中，平上去入聲（ˊˇˋ˪˫ㆴㆵㆶㆷ）及輕聲（˙）等調號皆應與漢字尺寸一致，方適用以上比例。

   In vertical Bopomofo, the width of the space taken by the neutral tone mark does not change but the height ratio to the base character should be 1:15. In horizontal Bopomofo, the height of the space taken by the neutral tone mark does not change but the width ratio to the base character should be 1:15.

   直排注音时，轻声符宽度不变，高度与基字比1:15；横排注音时，轻声符的高度不变，宽度与基字比1:15。

   直排注音時，輕聲符寬度不變，高度與基字比1:15；橫排注音時，輕聲符的高度不變，寬度與基字比1:15。

4. When annotating Bopomofo for paragraphs with characters in larger sizes (for example, headings), the size of the Bopomofo annotations can be adjusted accordingly.

   为字号较大的段落（如标题）标注注音时，可视情况调整注音符号的比例与大小。

   為字號較大的段落（如標題）標注注音時，可視情況調整注音符號的比例與大小。

Positioning of the tones in Bopomofo symbols 注音符号的声调号位置 注音符號的聲調號位置

1. Mandarin non-neutral tones and dialectal non-checked tones, are placed outside the upper right corner of the last phonetic symbol. In vertical Bopomofo, half the space taken by a tone mark will be above the top of the adjacent phonetic character; in horizontal Bopomofo, half the space taken by a tone mark will appear to the right of the phonetic character. As seen in [[[#zhuyin-regular-tone]]].

   平上去等调号标注在字音最后一个符号右上方。直式注音向上回返半个符号空间；横式注音向右突出半个符号空间。如[[[#zhuyin-regular-tone]]]所示。

   平上去等調號標注於字音最後一個符號右上方。直式注音向上回返半個符號空間；橫式注音向右突出半個符號空間。如[[[#zhuyin-regular-tone]]]所示。

   

2. The dialectal checked tones are set outside the lower right corner of the phonetic symbols. As seen in [[[#zhuyin-checked-tone]]].

   入声调号标注在字音整体外侧右下方，如[[[#zhuyin-checked-tone]]]所示。

   入聲調號標注於字音整體外側右下方，如[[[#zhuyin-checked-tone]]]所示。

   

3. The Mandarin neutral tone comes before the phonetic symbols. In vertical Bopomofo, the height of the tone mark is 10% of that of its base character, while its width is the same as that of the phonetic characters. In horizontal Bopomofo, the width of the tone mark is 10% of that of its base characters, while its height is the same as that of the phonetic characters. As seen in [[[#zhuyin-neutral-tone]]].

   轻声调号标在字音前方。直排注音的轻声符宽度不变，高度与基字比1:15；横排注音的轻声符的高度不变，宽度为基字的10%。如[[[#zhuyin-neutral-tone]]]所示。

   輕聲調號標於字音前方。直排注音的輕聲符寬度不變，高度與基字比1:15；橫排注音的輕聲符的高度不變，寬度為基字的10%。如[[[#zhuyin-neutral-tone]]]所示。

   

Examples of Bopomofo annotations 注音标音排版用例 注音標音排版用例

1. 

   At the beginning of the formulation of Bopomofo phonetic symbol ㄧ (U+3127 BOPOMOFO LETTER I), the typesetting rule was that one horizontal line should be used in vertical writing mode, and one vertical line should be used in horizontal writing mode. This usage appears in the documents of the Republican Era, as well as in the Xinhua Dictionary in Mainland China. However, when the Bopomofo phonetic symbols are used in the Chinese language teaching in Taiwan, regardless of whether it is in vertical or horizontal writing mode, a horizontal line should be used.

   注音符号ㄧ（U+3127 BOPOMOFO LETTER I）于制定初期，排版规定直排时为一横、横排时为一竖。此用法出现在民国时期的文献，以及中国大陆的新华字典上。但注音符号系统应用于台湾的国语文教学，无论直横排列，都以横画为原则。

   注音符號ㄧ（U+3127 BOPOMOFO LETTER I）於制定初期，排版規定直排時為一橫、橫排時為一豎。此用法出現在民國時期的文獻，以及中國大陸的新華字典上。但注音符號系統應用於台灣的國語文教學，無論直橫排列，都以橫畫為原則。

   Therefore, the glyph in the Unicode Code Chart is a horizontal line. In terms of font technologies, the OpenType font feature 'hist', which stands for the historical form, can be used to replace the vertical line for presenting historical documents or special needs.

   因此在Unicode中修改此码位的范例字型为横画。但在字型技术处理上，可使用OpenType字型功能hist，即历史形式来取代显示直画，供呈现历史文献或特殊需求。

   因此在Unicode中修改此碼位的範例字型為橫畫。但在字型技術處理上，可使用OpenType字型功能hist，即歷史形式來取代顯示直畫，供呈現歷史文獻或特殊需求。

2. 

3. 

Line prohibition rules for Bopomofo 注音标音分离禁则 注音標音分離禁則

Like the line prohibition rules for punctuation, vertical Bopomofo annotations should stick to their base characters in horizontal writing mode. They must not appear in the line start, and must be placed on the right side of their corresponding Han character.

如同标点禁则，直式注音在横排文本中应注意其紧随汉字的原则，注音标音不得单独出现在行首，而需永远紧随其标注的汉字右侧。

如同標點禁則，直式注音在橫排文本中應注意其緊隨漢字的原則，注音標音不得單獨出現在行首，而需永遠緊隨其標注的漢字右側。

Basic requirements 基本规则 基本規則

1. Romanization is only available in horizontal writing mode. These phonetic annotations are usually placed on top of the base text. Regardless of the length of the base text and the phonetic annotations, the annotations should set solid and center-aligned with the basic text.

   仅横排。注文通常置于基文上方。不论两者宽窄关系如何，注文应密排，并与基文居中对齐。

   僅橫排。注文通常置於基文上方。不論二者寬窄關系如何，注文應密排，並與基文居中對齊。

2. In special cases where Romanization is needed in vertical writing mode, the annotations are usually set to the right side of their corresponding base text, but it is difficult to read anyway.

   被迫用于直排文本标音时，注文通常置于标音文本右侧，但难以阅读。

   被迫於直排文本標音時，注文通常置於標音文本右側，但難以閱讀。

3. If a Romanized annotation is longer than its base text and is at the line start or end, both the annotation and the base text can be aligned with line start or end.

   若注文长于基文且位于行端，两者可向行端对齐。

   若注文長於基文且位於行端，二者可向行端對齊。

4. The space between two adjacent annotations should not be smaller than the size of a normal Western space, which is about 1/4 em. Due to the limitation of typesetting technologies, there is usually no space between the rather long phonetic annotations in many printed publications. Luckily, this is not likely to lead to ambiguity because each Han character contains one syllable and most Pinyin fragments are easy to tell apart. However, these annotations can be misleading sometimes. For example, character-based phonetic annotations may result in the false impression that they are word-based. Also, the accidentally concatenated annotations may disrupt word boundaries, which alters the semantic meanings of the words.

   相邻注文的间距不应小于西文词间空格的宽度（约1/4字宽）。但受排版技术限制，许多出版物中过长的相邻注文都会紧密相连。因汉字为单音节文字且多数汉语拼音音节都容易辨认界限，并不容易出现标音的歧义，但由于每个汉字的标音都已隔开，意外的相连易造成分词连写的假象，且相连的标音时常横跨词界，打乱语义。

   相鄰注文的間距不應小於西文詞間空格的寬度（約1/4字寬）。但受排版技術限制，許多出版物中過長的相鄰注文都會緊密相連。因漢字為單音節文字且多數漢語拼音音節都容易辨認界限，並不容易出現標音的歧義，但由於每個漢字的標音都已隔開，意外的相連易造成分詞連寫的假象，且相連的標音時常橫跨詞界，打亂語義。

5. Annotations are allowed to extend over the top of the adjacent base text as long as the minimum spacing is ensured.

   只要不侵犯最小间距，可允许注文伸展到相邻基字上方。

   只要不侵犯最小間距，可允許注文伸展到相鄰基字上方。

6. As most target readers are beginners to Chinese, the body text is usually in larger sizes and in a Kai typeface.

   因针对汉语初学者，正文通常用较大字号的楷体。

   因針對漢語初學者，正文通常用較大字號的楷體。

7. Due to the fact that Latin letters are proportional (width unknown) and that the advance widths in different typefaces deviate greatly from one another, the relationship between the sizes of annotations and their base text is somewhat undetermined. Under the influence of the typesetting of Japanese furigana, however, annotations are usually of half size of the base text.

   因拉丁字母为变宽文字，同等字号下使用不同字体时的视觉大小也差异较大，注文与基文的字号关系并无定数。但受振假名的排版习惯影响，注文常使用基文1/2的字号。

   因拉丁字母為變寬文字，同等字號下使用不同字體時的視覺大小也差異較大，注文與基文的字號關係並無定數。但受振假名的排版習慣影響，注文常使用基文1/2的字號。

8. Annotations usually use a sans-serif typeface which is rather thin and plump. It is generally the opinion in publishing and in education that Hanyu Pinyin must use those typefaces in which ‘a’ and ‘g’ are single story and the second tone mark is thick on the lower part and thin on the upper, as in the handwritten style of the stroke. Actually there have never been any national standards specifying the typefaces and the glyphs for Hanyu Pinyin.

   注文常用较细、较饱满的无衬线体。出版与教育界普遍认为汉语拼音排版必须使用a与g为单层设计的、二声调号下粗上细的字体。但其实没有任何国家标准对汉语拼音的字体及字母形态做出过具体规定。

   注文常用較細、較飽滿的無襯線體。出版與教育界普遍認為漢語拼音排版必須使用a與g為單層設計的、二聲調號下粗上細的字體。但其實未有任何國家標準對漢語拼音的字體及字母形態作出過具體規定。

9. The General Association of Chinese Culture in Taiwan once wrote to the Ministry of Education in Mainland China about the rules for the glyphs of Hanyu Pinyin, and received the response that the glyphs of the letter ‘a’ and ‘g’ correspond to those of Latin. There is no requirement demanding the handwritten glyphs.

   台湾中华文化总会曾去信大陆教育部询问汉语拼音字形相关事宜，大陆教育部响应表示，汉语拼音字母a、g 对应相应的拉丁字母，呈现方式不需拘泥于手写字形。

   台灣「中華文化總會」曾去信大陸教育部詢問漢語拼音字形相關事宜，部門回應表示，漢語拼音字母a、g對應相應的拉丁字母，呈現方式不需拘泥於手寫字形。

What follows is a detailed description of the difference between two typical use cases.

下文描述两类典型用例之间的差异。

下文描述兩類典型用例之間的差異。

Characters as the Basic Units for Annotating Pronunciation 单字标音 單字標音

1. The base text is a single Han character. Only Han characters are annotated: European numerals, punctuation marks, and other characters are excluded.

   基文为单个汉字。仅标注汉字，不标注阿拉伯数字、标点等字符。

   基文為單個漢字。僅標注漢字，不標注阿拉伯數字、標點等字符。

2. The phonetic annotations are always on the top.

   注文总是在上方。

   注文總是在上方。

3. As the phonetic annotations are often wider than their base text, the tracking of the body text should be larger, to allow annotations to expand and to avoid irregular adjustments within the base text.

   因注文宽度经常超过基文，通常为正文设定较大的字距以供给注文足够的横向伸展空间，避免基文间距频繁被过宽的注文撑大。

   因注文寬度經常超過基文，通常為正文設定較大的字距以供給注文足夠的橫向伸展空間，避免基文間距頻繁被過寬的注文撐大。

4. The phonetic annotations are all in lowercase. Proper nouns are sometimes capitalized.

   注文全小写，有时专名首字母大写。

   注文全小寫，有時專名首字母大寫。

Words as the Basic Units for Annotating Pronunciation 分词连写标音 分詞連寫標音

1. The base text contains one or more Han characters. Rules for separating terms can be found in Basic Rules of Hanyu Pinyin Orthography (GB/T 16159—2012).

   基文为一个或多个汉字构成的词语。分词连写规则可依据《汉语拼音正词法基本规则》（GB/T 16159—2012）。

   基文為一個或多个漢字構成的詞語。分詞連寫規則可依據《汉语拼音正词法基本规则》（GB/T 16159—2012）。

2. Annotations sometimes appear below the Han characters.

   注文有时在下方。

   注文有時在下方。

3. Both the phonetic annotations and the base text are separated at word boundaries. The adjacent annotations are separated by an approximately 1/2-em wide space, while the tracking inside the base text is usually normal.

   正文与标音双方皆分词连写。相邻基文之间有约1/2字宽的空格隔开，基文内部字距通常正常。

   正文與標音雙方皆分詞連寫。相鄰基文之間有約1/2字寬的空格隔開，基文內部字距通常正常。

4. Many word-based annotations indicate the logic of the whole sentence, rather than merely the pronunciation: these phonetic annotations have capitalized sentences and capitalized proper names. Punctuation may also be included in these annotations, but is kept with a preceding annotation, as shown in [[[#group-ruby]]], and doesn't appear over the punctuation in the base text.

   许多分词连写标音用例体现出对整个句子标音的逻辑，而非简单对词语标音：注文有句首大写、专名首字母大写。有标点，标点跟随左侧（前方）注文，如[[[#group-ruby]]]所示。

   許多分詞連寫標音用例體現出對整個句子標音的邏輯，而非簡單對詞語標音：注文有句首大寫、專名首字母大寫。有標點，標點跟隨左側（前方）注文，如[[[#group-ruby]]]所示。

Erhuayin 儿化音 兒化音

Erhuayin, also known as rhotacization of syllable finals, is a special phonetic phenomenon in Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin). Due to the limitations of annotating single Han characters, the Bopomofo annotations fail to indicate the continuity of Erhuayin and the change of the final sound, while Romanization shows the features of Erhuayin effectively.

对现代标准汉语的特殊语音现象——儿化，注音符号受制于其标注单个汉字的局限，难以准确表达儿化音节的连续性及韵母变音，需要在正文或附注中额外说明；罗马拼音则可有效标注此现象。

對現代標準漢語的特殊語音現象——兒化，注音符號受制於其標注單個漢字的局限，難以準確表達兒化音節的連續性及韻母變音，需要在正文或附注中額外說明；羅馬拼音則可有效標注此現象。

Word alignment 词的对齐 詞的對齊

In order to maintain the integrity of annotations, when the lengths of annotations and their base text are different it is necessary to adjust the alignment between them to avoid misunderstandings.

为了保证词汇的整体性，在注文总长与其基文的长度不一时，需要调整相互间的对齐关系，以求体例清晰并避免误会。

為了保證詞彙的整體性，在注文總長與其基文的長度不一時，需要調整相互間的對齊關係，以求體例清晰並避免誤會。

1. When the length of an annotation is shorter than that of its base text, the annotation can be center-aligned (in the case of Western text) or use larger tracking (in the case of Han characters). There are two methods to satisfy the latter, one is to equally distribute the spacing while the other is to align justified.

   当注文总长小于其基文的长度时，将注文设置居中（适用西文）或加大注文字距（适用汉字），后者更有“间隔平均分配”及“始末端对齐”两种方式。

   當注文總長小於其基文的長度時，將注文設置居中（適用西文）或加大注文字距（適用漢字），後者更有「間隔平均分配」及「始末端對齊」二種方式。

2. When the length of an annotation is longer than that of its base text, the base text can be center-aligned (in the case of Western text) or use a larger tracking (in the case of Han characters).

   当注文总长大于其基文的长度时，将基文设置居中（适用西文）或加大基文字距（适用汉字）。

   當注文總長大於其基文的長度時，將基文設置居中（適用西文）或加大基文字距（適用漢字）。

Punctuation marks 标点符号 標點符號

The following punctuation marks should be considered as one unit and take 2 em. They should not be separated into two lines. In cases where multiples of such punctuation marks appear together, it is allowed to separate them into two lines. If they were forced to remain on one line, it might cause too much space between the characters in the previous line and decrease the aesthetics of the entire composition.

以下标点符号占用两个汉字的空间，应视为一体，不能拆成两行。但若这些标点符号连续出现多个，允许将其拆成两行。如果强制将其排列于一行，前行的字距可能会过大，从而影响整体排版的美观。

以下標點符號佔用二個漢字的空間，應視為一體，不能拆成兩行。但若這些標點符號連續出現多個，允許將其拆成兩行。如果強制將其排列於一行，前行的字距可能會過大，從而影響整體排版的美觀。

1. Two-em dash

   乙式括號與破折號

   乙式括號與破折號

2. Ellipsis

   省略号

   刪節號

Digits and their prefix and suffix 数字及其相应的前后缀单位符号 數字及其相應的前後綴單位符號

Annotation marks 注释符号 注釋符號

First-line indents 段首缩排 段首縮排

A paragraph, a section of a document which consists of one or more sentences to indicate a distinct idea, usually begins on a new line. For the related first-line indents, the following methods are available.

为使不同的文本形成意义上的区隔、构成段落，呈现上，会使用断行以标示一个段落的起始，同时也会在段落首行加上空白进行缩排（也称为缩进），原则上以文本的汉字大小作为缩排单位，主要呈现方法如下。

為使不同的文本形成意義上的區隔、構成段落，呈現上，會使用斷行以標示一個段落的起始，同時也會在段落首行加上空白進行縮排（也稱為縮進），原則上以文本的漢字大小作為縮排單位，主要呈現方法如下。

1. First-line indents are applied to all paragraphs. Nearly all books and magazines make use of this method.

   所有段落首行皆缩排。几乎所有的书籍与杂志皆使用此方法。

   所有段落首行皆縮排。幾乎所有的書籍與雜誌皆使用此方法。

2. First-line indents do not apply to the first paragraph but to the rest of the paragraphs. This method is mostly seen in Western publications.

   篇章最初段落的首行不缩排，其余段落首行缩排。此方法多见于西文书籍。

   篇章最初段落的首行不縮排，其餘段落首行縮排。此方法多見於西文書籍。

3. No first-line indent is applied to any paragraph. A certain amount of space is inserted between the paragraphs so as to indicate the distinction between different paragraphs. In some books and magazines this method is applied.

   所有段落首行皆不缩排，在段落与段落间加入一定程度的间距，作为间隔。部分书籍与杂志使用这种方式。

   所有段落首行皆不予縮排，在段落與段落間加入一定程度的間距，以為區隔。部分書籍與雜誌使用這種方式。

4. In principle, some unfinished paragraphs should be broken rather than apply the first-line indents for the following paragraph. Dialogs, quotations or subtitles that the editor inserted might appear before the unfinished paragraph.

   原则上，部分语气未完的段落予以断行、而不缩排。语气未完的段落前可能出现对话、引言以及为与正文有所区隔，由编辑所下的标题等。

   原則上，部分語氣未完的段落予以斷行、而不縮排。語氣未完的段落前可能出現對話、引言，及為與正文有所區隔，由編輯所下的標題等。

In principle, there is no extra space between paragraphs in Chinese books. The space between the last line of the previous paragraph and the first line of the next paragraph stays the same as the space between the rest of the lines in the paragraph. If a blank line is inserted after a paragraph, usually it indicates the end of the section or chapter. If there is no indent but extra space is added among the lines as an indication of separation, no blank line should be inserted to indicate the end of the section or chapter.

原则上，在中文书籍排版中各段落间不使用间距，前段落末行、后段落首行与段落内行距一致。若段落间加入空白行，则表示一节的结束。但段落首行不缩排时所加入的段落间距则与传统排版有所差异，不适合加入空行做节的区分，避免过多的留空造成体例不良。

原則上，在中文書籍排版中各段落間不使用間距，前段落末行、後段落首行與段落內行距一致。若段落間加入空白行，則表示一節的結束。但段落首行不縮排時所加入的段落間距則與傳統排版有所差異，不適合加入空行做節的區分，避免過多的留空造成體裁不良。

Alongside the case of applying indents to the beginning of all lines, there is also the method that indents the second and following lines of the paragraph, called tupai [凸排] or itemization, used in cases such as dramatic script lines and lines starting with the name of a person. Numbered lists of items, questions and answers (Q&A), and legal provisions utilise this method as well. Though called tupai [凸排] or itemization, the beginning of the line should not go beyond the type area.

除缩排外，也有首行不缩排、次行起至末行缩排的状况，称为凸排。例如剧本中的对白，首行以人名开头不缩排，第二行起缩排。编号列表、问答、法律条文等也使用此种方式处理。虽称为凸排，但首行开始处不超过版心所设定的范围。

除縮排外，也有首行不縮排、次行起至末行縮排的狀況，稱為凸排。例如劇本中的對白，首行以人名開頭不縮排，第二行起縮排。編號列表、問答、法律條文等也使用此種方式處理。雖稱為凸排，但首行開始處不超過版心所設定的範圍。

When the tupai [凸排] or itemization method is used, the indent of the second line and the rest usually takes a fixed amount of space such as three characters plus one colon which takes four-character space. When the name of a person is less than three characters, a certain amount of space should be inserted between the characters so as to keep the same width as four.

凸排时，次行起缩排通常为固定量的空白，例如人名三个字加冒号共四字，凡遇对话时次行皆缩排四个全角空白。当人名少于三个字时，则在姓与名间加入空白，以保持体例一致。

凸排時，次行起縮排通常為固定量的空白，例如人名三字加冒號共四字，凡遇對話時次行皆縮排四個全形空白。遇人名少於三字時，則於姓與名間加入空白，以保持體例一致。

Paragraph Indent 段落缩排 段落縮排

The paragraph indent is the indentation of the line start by a fixed amount, starting from the line start side of the type area (in the case of one column) or of the column area (in the case of several columns). This method is usually applied for quotations, poetry or subtitles in a paragraph or between the paragraphs.

段落缩排是指将版心（单栏排版时）以及栏的范围（多栏排版时）由行头侧以指定的量，将文字开始位置向后移动的处理。此种缩排方式多应用于段落内或段落间引用文章、诗词及标题等。

段落縮排係指將版心（單欄排版時）以及欄的範圍（多欄排版時）由行頭側以指定的量，將文字開始位置向後移動的處理。此種縮排方式多應用於段落內或段落間引用文章、詩詞及標題等。

Single Line Alignment Processing 单行对齐处理 單行對齊處理

Line alignment method is a process for setting the alignment of each line of text so that the actual position of the text can be matched with their preset position. "Single line alignment" is a process for setting alignment for a run of text that is shorter than a given line length. This method is frequently used for items, headings, and poems. The following methods are available.

对齐系指使段落间各行文字实际配置位置能够与默认的文字配置位置符合。此处的“单行对齐”是指针对行长比预定行长更短的单行文字进行对齐的处理。这种方法常用于并排项目、标题和诗词等等。有着以下作法：

對齊係指使段落間各行文字實際配置位置能夠與預設的文字配置位置符合。此處的「單行對齊」是指針對行長比預定行長更短的單行文字進行對齊的處理。這種方法常用於並排項目、標題和詩詞等等。有著以下作法：

1. Centering

   居中对齐

   置中對齊

   The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid, but the Han-Western spacing and the spacing around brackets can be adjusted according to the typesetting style. The center of the character sequence is unified with the center of the line, and the amount of spacing at the line start and line end is made equal.

   行内文字原则上密排，但可以依据排版风格对中西间距和夹注符号进行调整。文字列的中央与行的中央对齐排列，行首与行尾的空白量均等。

   行內文字原則上密排，但可以依據排版風格對中西間距和夾註符號進行調整。文字列的中央與行的中央對齊排列，行首與行尾的空白量均等。

2. Line start alignment

   行首对齐

   行首對齊

   The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid, but the Han-Western spacing and the spacing around brackets can be adjusted according to the typesetting style. The start of the character sequence is unified with the line start, and if the line is not full, the line end is kept empty.

   行内文字原则上密排，但可以依据排版风格对中西间距和夹注符号进行调整。文字列开头与预设行首位置对齐，该行末字至行尾使用空白。

   行內文字原則上密排，但可以依據排版風格對中西間距和夾註符號進行調整。文字列開頭與預設行首位置對齊，該行末字至行尾使用空白。

3. Line end alignment

   行尾对齐

   行尾對齊

   The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid, but the Han-Western spacing and the spacing around brackets can be adjusted according to the typesetting style. The end of the character sequence is unified with the line end, and if the line is not full, the line start is kept empty.

   行内文字原则上密排，但可以依据排版风格对中西间距和夹注符号进行调整。该行首字至行首使用空白。

   行內文字原則上密排，但可以依據排版風格對中西間距和夾註符號進行調整。該行首字至行首使用空白。

4. Even inter-character spacing

   均排

   均排

   The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid, but the Han-Western spacing and the spacing around brackets can be adjusted according to the typesetting style. Using the spacing made available during line adjustment processing, equal character spacing is applied where possible. The start of the character sequence is aligned to the position of the line start, and the end of the character sequence to the position of the line end.

   行内文字原则上密排，但可以依据排版风格对中西间距和夹注符号进行调整。文字列开头与行首位置对齐然后按照行调整的拉伸处理原则，将空白平均置于该行各字间，让文字列末尾与行尾位置对齐。

   行內文字原則上密排，但可以依據排版風格對中西間距和夾註符號進行調整。文字列開頭與行首位置對齊然後按照行調整的拉伸處理原則，將空白平均置於該行各字間，讓文字列末尾與行尾位置對齊。

   Two use cases for even inter-character spacing:

   均排多见于以下两种状况：

   均排多見於以下兩種狀況：

   1. A frequently seen case of even inter-character spacing is that, after applying the punctuation prohibition rules to each line, some lines will have more than one character space left, so in order to align the beginning and ending with the rest of the lines, this line should apply even inter-character spacing.

      此种情况较常见。各行套用标点禁则处理后，部分行行内将剩余一个字以上的空白，为符合中文排版段落头尾对齐的规则，该行以均排处理；段落末行或段落仅有一行时则不使用均排。

      此種情況較常見。各行套用標點禁則處理後，部分行行內將剩餘一字以上的空白，為符合中文排版段落頭尾對齊的規則，該行以均排處理；於段落末行或段落僅有一行時則不使用均排。

   2. Even inter-character spacing is often used for listing names of people or objects. The last line of a paragraph or a paragraph with only one line can have even inter-character spacing applied as well.

      在列表中，如列举人名、物品名时，采均排以求体例一致，当段落末行或段落仅有一行时，亦使用均排。

      於列表，如列舉人名、物品名時，採均排以求體例一致，於段落末行或段落僅有一行時，亦使用均排。

Necessity for line adjustment 行内调整的必要性 行內調整的必要性

There are numerous reasons, e.g. [[[#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end]]], that result in line lengths being uneven. Under such circumstances, line adjustment is required. With the exception of [[[#prohibition_rules_for_unbreakable_marks]]], a run of text may be broken at the specified line length, allowing the text to be arranged into even rows. Other than the last line of a paragraph, the start and end of a line must be placed at the specified line start and line end position respectively. The last line of the paragraph will be adjusted accordingly to the overall flow of the text with adjustments made to the width of its punctuation. It is not necessary for the end of the last line to be aligned with the rest of the text. Please refer to [[[#adjustments_of_orphans_and_widows]]]. If the text only comprises of 1 line, please refer to [[[#ways_of_alignments]]].

由于[[[#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end]]]等原因造成行的长度长短不一，这时需要进行“行内调整”。在除了[[[#prohibition_rules_for_unbreakable_marks]]]以外的的地方，先将整段文字按照指定的行长断开，排列成行。对于除了段落最后一行以外的各行，其行首、行尾必须分别放到指定行长的位置。对于段落最后一行，原则上按照排版风格进行标点宽度调整即可，末尾没有必要与指定行长的行尾对齐；最后一行需要调整的特殊情况，请参照[[[#adjustments_of_orphans_and_widows]]]。而当段落有且仅有一行时，请参照[[[#ways_of_alignments]]]。

由於[[[#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end]]]等原因造成行的長度長短不一，這時需要進行「行內調整」。在除了[[[#prohibition_rules_for_unbreakable_marks]]]以外的的地方，先將整段文字按照指定的行長斷開，排列成行。對於除了段落最後一行以外的各行，其行首、行尾必須分別放到指定行長的位置。對於段落最後一行，原則上按照排版風格進行標點寬度調整即可，末尾沒有必要與指定行長的行尾對齊；最後一行需要調整的特殊情況，請參照[[[#adjustments_of_orphans_and_widows]]]。而當段落有且僅有一行時，請參照[[[#ways_of_alignments]]]。

There are a number of reasons for line adjustment, mainly:

造成需要行内调整的原因有很多，主要有：

造成需要行內調整的原因有很多，主要有：

1. Lines which are interspersed with many European numerals, Western alphas or other non-full width characters;

   行内夹杂了阿拉伯数字、西文字母等非一个汉字字宽的字符；

   行內夾雜了阿拉伯數字、西文字母等非一個漢字字寬的字元；

2. Instances where punctuation marks occur consecutively and still remain uneven after [[[#h-adjustment_of_adjacent_punctuation_marks]]];

   标点符号连续出现，且按照[[[#h-adjustment_of_adjacent_punctuation_marks]]]的原则性调整之后与事先设定的行长不一致；

   標點符號連續出現，且按照[[[#h-adjustment_of_adjacent_punctuation_marks]]]的原則性調整之後與事先設定的行長不一致；

3. Lines containing characters of different font sizes;

   行内混用不同字号，比如该行有“行内夹注”并使用了小一些的字号；

   行內混用不同字號，比如該行有「行內夾註」並使用了小一些的字號；

4. After the processing of punctuation in accordance with [[[#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end]]].

   标点符号依照[[[#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end]]]进行了处理。

   標點符號依照[[[#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end]]]進行了處理。

In contrast to Western typesetting, the body text in Chinese books are rarely left-aligned, and instead should be justified. Justification of Western text hinges on the adjustment of space between the words on a line, whereas there are more options for line justification when it comes to Chinese typesetting.

与西文排版不同，中文排版特别是书籍正文排版极少使用左齐右不齐，原则上应该进行两端对齐。西文排版两端对齐（justification）时，主要是调整单词之间的间隙（词距），而中文排版在两端对齐时，能调整的地方更多，具体如下所述。

與西文排版不同，中文排版特別是書籍正文排版極少使用左齊右不齊，原則上應該進行兩端對齊。西文排版兩端對齊（justification）時，主要是調整單詞之間的間隙（詞距），而中文排版在兩端對齊時，能調整的地方更多，具體如下所述。

Reduction and expansion of inter-character spacing 挤压处理和拉伸处理 擠壓處理和拉伸處理

Line adjustments are predicated upon the amount of available space, for example, spacing between Western words, [[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]], and so on. There are two methods for line adjustment:

行内调整的对象是需要按照预先定义的可调整空间，如西文词距、[[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]]等等。行内调整有以下两种方法：

行內調整的對象是需要按照預先定義的可調整空間，如西文詞距、[[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]]等等。行內調整有以下兩種方法：

1. Reduction of Inter-Character Spacing: Inter-character spacing like those between Western words, mixed texts, or as described in [[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]], should be reduced in accordance to the prevailing typesetting style.

   挤压处理：“挤压处理”是指按照预先规定的排版风格，压缩西文词距、中西间距和[[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]]等处的做法。

   擠壓處理：「擠壓處理」是指按照預先規定的排版風格，壓縮西文詞距、中西間距和[[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]]等處的做法。

2. Expansion of Inter-Character Spacing: Inter-character spacing like those between Western words, mixed texts or scenarios that are not limited by prohibition rules should be added in accordance to the prevailing typesetting style.

   拉伸处理：“拉伸处理”是指按照预先规定的排版风格，拉伸西文词距、中西间距以及其他未被特殊规定禁止调整等处的做法。

   拉伸處理：「拉伸處理」是指按照預先規定的排版風格，拉伸西文詞距、中西間距以及其他未被特殊規定禁止調整等處的做法。

In order to make the composition tighter and more readable, the guiding principle is to attempt to implement space reduction first. In the event that is insufficient, then space can be added where acceptable to achieve justification.

出于紧凑易读、节约版面的思路，行内调整要遵循“先挤压、后拉伸”的原则，即应该先挤压处理，仍旧无法满足需求之后再进行拉伸处理。

出於緊湊易讀、節約版面的思路，行內調整要遵循「先擠壓、後拉伸」的原則，即應該先擠壓處理，仍舊無法滿足需求之後再進行拉伸處理。

Procedures for inter-character spacing reduction 挤压处理的优先顺序 擠壓處理的優先順序

Inter-character spacing reduction should be processed according to the following steps, in order of precedence:

行内调整的挤压处理，应该按照下述步骤，确定挤压的优先顺序后依次进行处理：

行內調整的擠壓處理，應該按照下述步驟，確定擠壓的優先順序後依次進行處理：

1. At the end of a line: adjusted to fixed 1/2 em.

   位于行末的标点。调成固定的半个汉字宽。

   位於行末的標點。調成固定的半個漢字寬。

2. Spacing between Western text: for lines with numerous instances of Western text, their spacing should be processed at the same time, with equal treatment. The minimum space between each Western text should be 1/4 em.

   位于行内的西文词距。一行内若有多处西文词距，应该同时、同等量处理，每个西文词距最小可以挤压到四分之一汉字宽。

   位於行內的西文詞距。一行內若有多處西文詞距，應該同時、同等量處理，每個西文詞距最小可以擠壓到四分之一漢字寬。

3. Interpuncts: space reduction must take place equally on both sides of the character. The minimum space is 0, whereby the interpunct ends up being 1/2 em.

   位于行内的间隔号。挤压时必须同时从字面两侧、同等量处理，最小挤到0，即变成半个汉字字宽。

   位於行內的間隔號。擠壓時必須同時從字面兩側、同等量處理，最小擠到0，即變成半個漢字字寬。

4. Brackets: space reduction can take place before the opening bracket and after the closing bracket. If multiple brackets occur within the same line, their space reduction should be processed at the same time, with equal treatment. Space can be reduced until the bracket is 1/2 em.

   位于行内的夹注符号。可以对开始夹注符号的前侧、结束夹注符号的后侧进行挤压，最小可以挤压到半个汉字字宽。一行内如有多处，应该同时、同等量处理。

   位於行內的夾註符號。可以對開始夾註符號的前側、結束夾註符號的後側進行擠壓，最小可以擠壓到半個漢字字寬。壹行內如有多處，應該同時、同等量處理。

5. Commas, secondary commas and semi-colons: space reduction should follow [[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]]. Spacing can be reduced at the end of the punctuation mark or equally on either side. If multiple of such punctuations occur within the same line, their space reduction should be processed at the same time, with equal treatment. Space can be reduced until the punctuation mark is 1/2 em.

   位于行内的逗号、顿号、分号。挤压空间依照[[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]]，可以是后侧，也可以是字面两侧同时，最小可以挤压到半个汉字字宽。一行内如有多处，应该同时、同等量处理。

   位於行內的逗號、頓號、分號。擠壓空間依照[[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]]，可以是後側，也可以是字面兩側同時，最小可以擠壓到半個漢字字寬。一行內如有多處，應該同時、同等量處理。

6. Spacing between Han characters and Western texts: if there are numerous instances of mixed texts, space reduction should be processed at the same time, with equal treatment, with the minimum space being 1/8 em.

   行内的中西间距，最小挤为八分之一汉字宽。一行内若有多处，应该同时、同等量处理。

   行內的中西間距，最小擠為八分之一漢字寬。一行內若有多處，應該同時、同等量處理。

7. Periods, question marks and exclamation marks: in accordance to [[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]], if there is available space, spacing can be reduced up until the minimum size of 1/2 em.

   位于行内的句号、问号、感叹号。依照[[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]]，如果有调整空间则可以挤压，最小挤为半个汉字字宽。

   位於行內的句號、問號、驚嘆號。依照[[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]]，如果有調整空間則可以擠壓，最小擠為半個漢字字寬。

Procedures for inter-character space expansion 拉伸处理的优先顺序 拉伸處理的優先順序

Inter-character space expansion should be processed according to the following steps, in order of precedence:

行内调整的拉伸处理，应该按照下述步骤，确定拉伸的优先顺序后依次进行处理：

行內調整的拉伸處理，應該按照下述步驟，確定拉伸的優先順序後依次進行處理：

1. Word spacing between Western text: for lines with several Western word spaces, these should be processed at the same time, with equal treatment. Each word space can be expanded to a maximum of 1/2 em.

   西文词距。一行内若有多处西文词距，应该同时、同等量处理，每个西文词距最大可以拉伸到半个汉字字宽。

   西文詞距。一行內若有多處西文詞距，應該同時、同等量處理，每個西文詞距最大可以拉伸到半個漢字字寬。

2. Space between Han characters and Western texts can be expanded from the default width (e.g., 1/4 em). They should be processed at the same time, with equal treatment.

   行内的中西间距，从默认宽度（如四分之一汉字宽）开始拉伸，一行内若有多处，应该同时、同等量处理，最大可拉大到半个汉字字宽。

   行內的中西間距，從默認寬度（如四分之一漢字寬）開始拉伸，一行內若有多處，應該同時、同等量處理，最大可拉大到半個漢字字寬。

If all the aforementioned adjustments are not applicable, or the desired line length cannot be achieved, only the remaining inter-character spacing may be expanded at the same time, with equal treatment, to achieve text justification. However, there are two exceptions:

若上述所有项目均无法调整，或调整之后依旧无法达到预设行长，则只能针对剩余所有字符间距，进行同时、同等量拉伸，但是：

若上述所有項目均無法調整，或調整之後依舊無法達到預設行長，則只能針對剩餘所有字元間距，進行同時、同等量拉伸，但是：

1. Spacing should not be added to characters stated in [[[#prohibition_rules_for_unbreakable_marks]]].

   禁止对[[[#prohibition_rules_for_unbreakable_marks]]]规定的字间距进行拉伸处理。

   禁止對[[[#prohibition_rules_for_unbreakable_marks]]]規定的字間距進行拉伸處理。

2. Avoid adding spacing to connector marks, solidi, and the characters immediately before and after these marks.

   避免对连接号、分隔号与其前后的字符进行拉伸处理。

   避免對連接號、分隔號與其前後的字元進行拉伸處理。

Increased inter-character spacing 增加字距 增加字距

It is common in books to increase the tracking between each character frame (i.e. loose setting) for the following cases:

在各字之间加入固定量的空白来排列文字，称作疏排。书籍排版上，遇到以下状况时，会采用这种排列方式。

在各字之間加入固定量的空白來排列文字，稱作疏排。書籍排版上，遇到以下狀況時，會採用這種排列方式。

1. To achieve a balance between running heads with different numbers of characters, increased inter-character spacing is used for running heads with few characters.

   为使字数不同的标题间能取得平衡，而加大字距。

   為使字數不同的標題間能取得平衡，而加大字距。

2. For captions of illustrations and tables, which only have a few characters, increased inter-character spacing is used to achieve balance with the size of the illustration or table.

   图片与表格之说明文字字数较少时，为取得平衡，而加大字距。

   圖片與表格之說明文字字數較少時，為取得平衡，而加大字距。

3. In some cases, increased inter-character spacing is used for poetry with lines of only a few characters, so as to maintain the balance of the layout.

   应用于字数少的诗词时，为与版面取得平衡，而加大字距。

   應用於字數少的詩詞時，為與版面取得平衡，而加大字距。

4. For publications whose main audience is children, inter-character spacing is increased to make it easier for them to read.

   针对儿童书籍等，为提高易读性，而加大字距。

   針對兒童書籍等，為提升易讀性，而加大字距。

Even inter-character spacing 均排 均排

Text may be set with equal inter-character spacing between all characters on a given line, so that each line is aligned to the same line head and line end. Since the Han characters and punctuation marks are all in square frames with almost the same dimensions, it is natural that each line is aligned to the same line head and line end. Even inter-character spacing is mainly used in the following cases:

平均分配字距，使文字两端能够对齐行首与行尾。中文排版时，由于使用的汉字与标点符号皆为正方形，自然会使得文字列对齐行首与行尾。这种排列方式主要应用于以下情况：

平均分配字距，使文字兩端能夠對齊行首與行尾。中文排版時，由於使用的漢字與標點符號皆為正方形，自然會使得文字列對齊行首與行尾。這種排列方式主要應用於以下情況：

1. To deal with rules that forbid certain characters at the beginning or end of a line. When a punctuation mark which is not supposed to be positioned at the end of a line happens to appear there, even inter-character space setting is used to move the character before the punctuation mark to the next line together with the punctuation mark. When a punctuation mark, which is not supposed to be positioned at the beginning of a line, happens to appear there, it is necessary to move the last character from the previous line to the beginning of the next line, and there will be one or two (sometimes more) empty spaces left in the previous line. Even inter-character space setting is used to unify the length of each line and justify them.

   行首行尾禁则。当该行行尾遇到不能置于行尾的标点符号，而必须将标点符号与前一汉字移至次行时；或次行行首遇到不能置于行首的标点符号，而必须将移动前一行汉字于次行时，就会在行尾产生一到两字（甚至以上）的空白。由于中文书籍各行首尾对齐是重要的排版规则，此时就会利用均排将两字（以及以上）空白均分至该行各字字距。

   行首行尾禁則。當該行行尾遇到不能置於行尾的標點符號，而必須將標點符號與前一漢字移至次行時；或次行行頭遇到不能置於行頭的標點符號，而必須將移動前一行漢字於次行時，就會於行尾產生一到二字（甚至以上）的空白。由於中文書籍各行首尾對齊是重要的排版規則，此時就會利用均排將二字（以及以上）空白均分至該行各字字距。

2. Even inter-character space setting is used when the number of characters in a table head differs from the table content, such as for person names, so as to justify the table.

   表格标题、名单等求呈现一致时，会采用均排的方式处理。

   表格標題、名單等求呈現一致時，會採用均排的方式處理。

Reduced inter-character spacing 减少字距 減少字距

By reducing the inter-character spacing, a portion of two character frames overlap each other (i.e. solid setting). This method is mainly used in the following cases:

减少字距，使得文字外框一部分重叠，称作紧排。这种处理方式，主要应用于：

減少字距，使得文字外框一部分重疊，稱作緊排。這種處理方式，主要應用於：

1. For characters in headings of magazines or advertisements, reduced inter-character spacing can be used to keep the characters on one line, or it can also be used to achieve a special effect for presentation.

   杂志标题及广告文案字数较多，为使其排列于一行，或为求特殊表现时使用。

   雜誌標題及廣告文案字數較多，為使其排列於一行，或為求特殊表現時使用。

2. Since Han characters are all square-shaped, this method does not apply to headings and content in books produced by letterpress printing.

   由于汉字皆为正方形，此方式并不适用于活字排版，故不应用于书籍标题与内文的排列上。

   由於漢字皆為正方形，此方式並不適用於活字排版，故不應用於書籍標題與內文的排列上。

Punctuation adjustment space 标点符号的调整空间 標點符號的調整空間

Punctuation marks are divided into two types: "unadjustable" and "adjustable", and "adjustable" is divided into six categories according to the position of the adjustable space: left of character face in horizontal writing mode, right of character face in horizontal writing mode, left and right of character face in horizontal writing modes; top of character face in vertical writing mode, bottom of character face in vertical writing mode, top and bottom of character face in vertical writing mode.

标点符号分为“不可调整”和“可调整”两类，“可调整”再根据调整空间分为六类：横排字面左、横排字面右、横排左右两侧；直排字面上、直排字面下、直排上下两侧。

標點符號分為「不可調整」和「可調整」兩類，「可調整」再根據調整空間分為六類：橫排字面左、橫排字面右、橫排左右兩側；直排字面上、直排字面下、直排上下兩側。

Unadjustable punctuations include: GB-style short connector marks, interpuncts, and solidi, because these punctuation points always take 1/2 em; exclamation marks and question marks in horizontal writing mode in Hong Kong and Taiwan, and colons, semicolons, question marks, exclamation marks in vertical writing mode in Chinese Mainland, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, because these punctuations always take 1 em.

不可调整的标点包括：中国大陆GB式的半字连接号、间隔号、分隔号，因为这几个标点固定半个字宽；横排的港台式问号、感叹号和直排的冒号、分号、问号、感叹号（包括GB偏靠式和港台居中式），因为这几个标点固定一个字宽。

不可調整的標點包括：中國大陸GB式的半字連接號、間隔號、分隔號，因為這幾個標點固定半個字寬；橫排的港台式問號、驚嘆號和直排的冒號、分號、問號、驚嘆號（包括GB偏靠式和港台居中式），因為這幾個標點固定一個字寬。

Adjustment of adjacent punctuation marks 连续标点符号的调整 連續標點符號的調整

Regardless of the style of the text as a whole, adjustments should be made in principle when brackets appear next to other punctuations, or when brackets appear repeatedly (such as opening & opening, closing & closing, or closing & opening) to make the text more compact and easy to read.

无论文本整体采用何种风格，当夹注符号与其他符号连续排列时，或者夹注符号重复出现（如开始+开始，结束+结束，或者结束+开始）时，都应该进行原则上的调整，以使文字体裁更加紧凑、易读。

無論文本整體採用何種風格，當夾注符號與其他符號連續排列時，或者夾注符號重復出現（如開始+開始，結束+結束，或者結束+開始）時，都應該進行原則上的調整，以使文字體裁更加緊湊、易讀。

In principle, any two adjacent punctuation marks that are 2 em wide should be reduced to 1.5 em. Following the same principle, they may be reduced to 1 em for certain typographic styles.

原则上的调整度应为：如果任意两个相邻标点符号占用2个字宽，应当缩减成1.5个字宽。在此原则上，允许排版风格进一步调整让两个符号只占1个字宽。

原則上的調整度應為：如果任意兩個相鄰標點符號占用2個字寬，應當縮減成1.5個字寬。在此原則上，允許排版風格進一步調整讓兩個符號只占1個字寬。

In principle, the compression should let the opening and closing bracket be close to the isolated segment of text.

挤压方向判定原则上应该让开始、结束夹注符号应紧靠被夹注的内容。

擠壓方向判定原則上應該讓開始、結束夾注符號應緊靠被夾注的內容。

Compression of punctuation marks at line start or line end 行首行尾标点挤压 行首行尾標點擠壓

When a punctuation mark appears at line start or line end, the following rules for space adjustment will make the composition tighter and more readable.

当标点符号出现在行首或行尾时，以下的空隙调整规则使文字体裁更加紧凑、易读。

標點符號出現在一行之首或之末時，以下的空隙調整規則得以使文字體裁更加緊湊、易讀。

1. For the case of first-line indent, if an opening bracket is set at the beginning of the first line of the paragraph, half a character space can be trimmed before the bracket.

   在使用段首缩进格式的排版中，若首行行首出现开始夹注符号，可以缩减该符号始侧二分之一个汉字大小的空白。

   使用段首縮進格式的排版中，若首行行首出現開始夾注符號，可以縮減該符號始側二分之一個漢字大小的空白。

2. When an opening bracket appears at the beginning of a line, half a character space can be trimmed before the bracket.

   当行首出现开始夹注符号，可以缩减该符号始侧二分之一个汉字大小的空白。

   當行首出現開始夾注符號，可以縮減該符號始側二分之一個漢字大小的空白。

3. According to section 5.1.10 of the General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834—2011), when a full-width punctuation character appears at the end of a line, it SHALL be trimmed to half-width.

   依照中国大陆国标GB/T 15834—2011《标点符号用法》第5.1.10条的规定，原本占一个字宽的标点出现在行尾时，应缩减该符号末侧二分之一个汉字大小的空白。

   依照中國大陸國標GB/T 15834—2011《標點符號用法》第5.1.10條的規定，原本佔一個字寬的標點出現在行尾時，應縮減該符號末側二分之一個漢字大小的空白。

Basic elements of page formatting 排版样式的主要元素 排版樣式的主要元素

The following are the basic elements of a page format.

排版样式的主要元素如下：

排版樣式的主要元素如下：

• Trim size and binding side (vertically set Chinese documents are bound on the right-hand side, and horizontally set documents are bound on the left-hand side.)

  完成尺寸与装订线（中文书籍直排为右侧装订、横排为左侧装订）

  完成尺寸與裝訂邊（中文書籍直排為右側裝訂、橫排為左側裝訂）

• Principal text direction (vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode).

  文本方向（直排或横排）

  文本方向（直排或橫排）

• Appearance of the type area and its position relative to the trim size.

  基本版式，及其与完成尺寸的相对位置

  基本版式，及其與完成尺寸的相對位置

• Appearance of running heads and page numbers, and their positions relative to the trim size and type area.

  页眉与页码位置

  頁眉與頁碼位置

Design of the type area 基本版式的设计元素 基本版式的設計元素

The type area defines the basic printing style of a book. The following are the basic elements of the type area.

基本版式的设计元素如下：

基本版式的設計元素如下：

• Character size and typeface name

  所使用的文字尺寸及字体种类

  所使用的文字尺寸及字體種類

• Text direction (vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode)

  文本方向（直排或横排）

  文本方向（直排或橫排）

• Number of columns and column gap when using a multi-column format

  分栏时，栏数以及栏距

  分欄時，欄數以及欄距

• Length of a line

  一行的长度（字数）

  一行的長度（字數）

• Number of lines per page (number of lines per column when using a multi-column format)

  一页的行数（分栏时为一栏的行数）

  一頁的行數（分欄時為一欄的行數）

• Line gap

  行距

  行距

• Letter-spacing

  字距

  字距

From the template of the page format to the actual page format 从基本版式到实际版面的定版设计 從基本版式到實際版面的定版設計

This section explains how to create an actual page format based on the type area.

本部分说明如何以基本版式为起点来为实际的各页面确定版式，这个步骤称做具体页面的“定版”。

本部分說明如何以基本版式為起點來為實際的各頁面確定版式，這個步驟稱做具體頁面的「定版」。

1. Realm and position of headings: The spacing of the heading in the block direction (i.e., height of the heading in horizontal writing mode or width of the heading in vertical writing mode) should be calculated from the position of the body text, and set to a multiple of the number of lines. If indent of the heading space is required, the starting point should be from the body text position set by the type area, and the amount of indent should be a multiple of the body text size.

   标题的地位：标题摆放的位置及其所占空间，应以基本版式设定中行的位置为基准，以“占几行空间”方式来设计，这个方式称作“占行”。实际定版工作中为计算方便，通常设置为行的整数倍。定版要求通常写成“单行标题占三行”或“双行标题占五行”等方式，“单行”“双行”指标题文字本身的行数，而“三行”“五行”则指的是基本版式中行所占的空间。标题缩排时，也应以基本版式所设定的文字尺寸为基准，决定要缩排的量。具体方法可见[[[#handling_of_headings]]]。

   標題的地位：標題擺放的位置及其所占空間，應以基本版式設定中行的位置為基準，以「占幾行空間」方式來設計，這個方式稱作「占行」。實際定版工作中為計算方便，通常設置為行的整數倍。定版要求通常寫成「單行標題占三行」或「雙行標題占五行」等方式，「單行」「雙行」指標題文字本身的行數，而「三行」「五行」則指的是基本版式中行所占的空間。標題縮排時，也應以基本版式所設定的文字尺寸為基準，決定要縮排的量。具體方法可見[[[#handling_of_headings]]]。

2. Size of illustrations: In horizontal writing mode, the width of illustrations should, if at all possible, be the width of the type area; in horizontal writing mode with multiple columns, the width of illustrations should, if at all possible, be the width of one type area column. The illustrations are usually set at the head or the foot of the page. Likewise, in vertical writing mode, the height of illustrations should, if at all possible, be either the height of one type area column or the height of the type area. The illustrations are usually set at the right or left of the type area.

   图片的尺寸：图片宽度尽可能地与基本版式中的版心宽度一致；若基本版式为分栏排版，则尽可能与基本版式所设定的栏宽（直排为栏高）一致。图片的摆放位置则多与版心的天头、地脚对齐。

   圖片的尺寸：圖片寬度盡可能地與基本版式中的版心寬度一致；若基本版式為分欄排版，則盡可能與基本版式所設定的欄寬（直排為欄高）一致。圖片的擺放位置則多與版心的天頭、地腳對齊。

3. Pages for table of contents, index, and bibliography: These pages’ layout is also based on the type area of body text. In practice, additional paddings might be attached onto the start and the end of the lines. Furthermore, these pages might be set in multiple columns while the body text is single column.

   目录、索引、参考文献：此类页面也以基本版式为基准进行排版。但具体实践中，行头、行尾常会添加额外留白；此外，在正文采用单栏排版的同时，此类页面也有可能分为多栏。

   目錄、索引、參考文獻：此類頁面也以基本版式為基准進行排版。但具體實踐中，行頭、行尾常會添加額外留白；此外，在正文採用單欄排版的同時，此類頁面也有可能分為多欄。

Procedure for defining the type area 设计基本版式的步骤 設計基本版式的步驟

1. Specifying the dimensions of the type area

   决定版心尺寸

   決定版心尺寸

   1. For a document with a single column per page, specify the character size, the line length (the number of characters per line), the number of lines per page, and the line gap.

      无分栏时，需决定文字尺寸、一行的字数（即行长）、一页的行数以及行距。

      無分欄時，需決定文字尺寸、一行的字數（即行長）、一頁的行數以及行距。

   2. For a document with multiple columns per page, specify the character size, the line length (the number of characters per line), the number of lines per column, the line gap, the number of columns and the column gap.

      当分栏时，需决定文字尺寸、一行的字数（即行长）、一栏的行数、行距、栏数以及栏距。

      當分欄時，需決定文字尺寸、一行的字數（即行長）、一欄的行數、行距、欄數以及欄距。

2. For determining the position of the type area relative to the trim size, there are various alternative methods available:

   决定相对于完成尺寸，版心的配置位置。版心配置位置的设计顺序有着以下方式。

   決定相對於完成尺寸，版心的配置位置。版心配置位置的設計順序有著以下方式。

   1. Set the type area at the horizontal and vertical center of the trim size.

      将版心置于完成尺寸的正中央，天地等高、左右等宽。

      將版心置於完成尺寸的正中央，天地等高、左右等寬。

   2. Position vertically by specifying the size of the space at the head (for horizontal writing mode) or the space at the foot (for vertical writing mode). Position horizontally by centering the type area.

      横排时指定天的留白量、直排时则指定地的留白量，左右等宽。

      橫排時指定天的留白量、直排時則指定地的留白量，左右等寬。

   3. Position vertically by centering the type area. Position horizontally by specifying the size of the space for the gutter.

      天地等高，指定装订线的留白量。

      天地等高，指定裝訂邊的留白量。

   4. Position vertically by specifying the space at the head (for horizontal writing mode) or the space at the foot (for vertical writing mode). Position horizontally by specifying the size of the space for the gutter.

      指定装订线的留白量，横排时指定天的留白量、直排时则指定地的留白量。

      指定裝訂邊的留白量，橫排時指定天的留白量、直排時則指定地的留白量。

Considerations when designing the type area 基本版式设计的注意事项 基本版式設計的注意事項

The following are considerations that need to be taken into account when designing the type area:

设计基本版式时需考虑以下事项：

設計基本版式時需考慮以下事項：

1. When deciding the dimensions of the type area, it is necessary to consider both the trim size and the margin. Generally speaking, the shape of the type area could be made similar to that of the trim size.

   决定版心尺寸时，须先考量到完成尺寸与留白后进行。一般而言，版心与完成尺寸会呈相似形的设计。

   決定版心尺寸時，須先考量到完成尺寸與留白後進行。一般而言，版心與完成尺寸會呈相似形的設計。

2. There have been different size systems for Chinese fonts. The size system in traditional metal type utilized hào (literally number) units, while in the phototypesetting era, Q was used as the sizing unit instead. When it came to desktop publishing, font sizes were determined by the DTP point system which was built into the software itself. Currently, the traditional hào-system is still used for typesetting in many Chinese publications.

   中文活字大小有不同单位。在金属活字时代，传统中文活字尺寸以“号”为单位，故称作“字号”；在照相排版时代沿用照排机尺寸的单位“级”，故称作“字级”；在桌面排版时代，直接使用桌面排版软件中的“点”（DTP point）。目前，很多场合的中文排版依旧习惯沿用“号”。

   中文活字大小有不同單位。在金屬活字時代，傳統中文活字尺寸以「號」為單位，故稱作「字號」；在照相排版時代沿用照排機尺寸的單位「級」，故稱作「字級」；在桌面排版時代，直接使用桌面排版軟件中的「點」（DTP point）。目前，很多場合的中文排版依舊習慣沿用「號」。

   These hào-systems were not standardized by the various foundries in the past. In addition, point-systems were also different in Anglo-American point systems, Europe Continental point systems, DTP point systems and other systems, which resulted in numerous conversion methods between the hào-system and the point-system. The following table lists their most common corresponding conversions as a reference. It is not normative information.

   “号”由于当年金属活字各地厂家的规范不一而不尽相同，“号”也有英美、欧陆、DTP等多种制式，导致“号”与“点”的换算有不同方法。下表仅列出常见的一些换算数值，仅供参考，不作为规范性规定：

   「號」由於當年金屬活字各地廠家的規範不一而不盡相同，「號」也有英美、歐陸、DTP等多種制式，導致「號」與「點」的換算有不同方法。下表僅列出常見的一些換算數值，僅供參考，不作為規範性規定：

   Chinese size system	Western point system
   Size 0	42 pt
   Size 1	27.5/28 pt
   Size Small 1	24 pt
   Size 2	21/22 pt
   Size Small 2	18 pt
   Size 3	15.75/16 pt
   Size 4	13.75/14 pt
   Size Small 4	12 pt
   Size 5	10.5 pt
   Size Small 5	9 pt
   Size 6	7.875/8 pt
   Size 7	5.25 pt

   号数	点数
   初号	42 pt
   一号	27.5/28 pt
   小（新）一号	24 pt
   二号	21/22 pt
   小（新）二号	18 pt
   三号	15.75/16 pt
   四号	13.75/14 pt
   小（新）四号	12 pt
   五号	10.5 pt
   小（新）五号	9 pt
   六号	7.875/8 pt
   七号	5.25 pt

   號數	點數
   初號	42 pt
   一號	27.5/28 pt
   小（新）一號	24 pt
   二號	21/22 pt
   小（新）二號	18 pt
   三號	15.75/16 pt
   四號	13.75/14 pt
   小（新）四號	12 pt
   五號	10.5 pt
   小（新）五號	9 pt
   六號	7.875/8 pt
   七號	5.25 pt

   Size 5 is usually used for body text. Newspapers and magazines use both Size 5 and New Size 5. The acceptable minimum size for the text in content is Size 6 (7.875 pt ≒ 2.8 mm). If a smaller size is used, it will be difficult to read due to the complex structure of Han characters.

   一般内文主要使用五号字（10.5 pt ≒ 3.7 mm），而报纸、杂志则使用新五号字（9 pt ≒ 3.2 mm），两种皆常用。而一般内文字最小使用到六号字（7.875 pt ≒ 2.8 mm），若小于此尺寸，由于汉字结构复杂，较难阅读。

   一般內文主要使用五號字（10.5 pt ≒ 3.7 mm），而報紙、雜誌則使用新五號字（9 pt ≒ 3.2 mm），兩種皆常用。而一般內文字最小使用到六號字（7.875 pt ≒ 2.8 mm），若小於此尺寸，由於漢字結構複雜，較難閱讀。

3. Line length should be multiples of the character size and the line ends should be aligned with each other.

   一行的行长应为文字尺寸的整数倍，各行的位置尽可能头尾对齐。

   一行的行長應為文字尺寸的整數倍，各行的位置盡可能頭尾對齊。

   For Chinese composition without intermixed Western text, the characters all have a square-shaped frame, so all line lengths except that of the last line of the paragraph should, in principle, be the same.

   中文在不与西文混排的状况下，所使用的文字外框皆为正方形，除段落最后一行不对齐外，各行行首、行尾皆需对齐，这是重要的排版原则。

   中文在不與西文混排的狀況下，所使用的文字外框皆為正方形，除段落最後一行不對齊外，各行行首、行尾皆需對齊，這是重要的排版原則。

   Due to the following reasons, the line length must be an integral multiple of the font size:

   基于下述理由，行长必须为文字尺寸的整数倍：

   1. The basic principle of Chinese typesetting is, with the exception of the last line of a paragraph, the end of every line should be aligned with each other.

      中文排版的基本原则是，除段落最后一行以外，每行行尾应对齐。

      中文排版的基本原則是，除段落最後一行以外，每行行尾應對齊。

   2. All characters used in Chinese typesetting (including Han characters and punctuation) are square characters.

      中文排版所用的文字（包括汉字、标点），其字框的设计原则是正方形。

      中文排版所用的文字（包括漢字、標點），其字框的設計原則是正方形。

   3. Characters in Chinese typesetting are set solid.

      中文排版的排字原则是，文字应为密排。

      中文排版的排字原則是，文字應爲密排。

   As a basic principle, the line length should be set according to the actual conditions, which could be the usage of different fonts, design of the type area, trim size or media types. Generally, the line length for newspapers and periodicals is relatively shorter, while the line length for books is longer. For the sake of reference, most books have line lengths of body text in the range between 17 to 40 characters. To prevent excessive line breaks that could cause difficulty in reading, the line length of body text should not be less than 10 characters. For horizontal writing mode, the line length of body copy should not exceed 48 characters. For vertical writing mode, the line length of body copy should not exceed 55 characters.

   作为总体原则，行长应依照不同字体、版式、成品尺寸以及媒介种类、根据实际情况设置。一般来说，报纸期刊的行长相对较短，而书籍的行长较长，但作为参考值，大多数书籍的正文行长一般设在17到40字范围区间。为避免阅读时频繁换行、串行等情况，正文行长最小不宜少于10字、而横排最大行长不宜长于48字、竖排不宜长于55字。

   作爲總體原則，行長應依照不同字體、版式、成品尺寸以及媒介種類、根據實際情況設置。一般來說，報紙期刊的行長相對較短，而書籍的行長較長，但作爲參考值，大多數書籍的正文行長一般設在17到40字範圍區間。爲避免閱讀時頻繁換行、串行等情況，正文行長最小不宜少於10字、而橫排最大行長不宜長於48字、豎排不宜長於55字。

4. The line gaps between each line should be the same throughout the book, except for special cases.

   行与行之间的空白（行距）除特别状况外，需保持一致。

   行與行之間的空白（行距）除特別狀況外，需保持一致。

   In Traditional Chinese composition, there are cases where pronunciation marks, referred to as 'ruby' in the Japanese Layout Requirements, are inserted between lines. In such cases the line gap is not changed but kept constant. If these elements are likely to occur in the text, the line gap established during type area design needs to be of an adequate size to accommodate them.

   繁体中文排版中，字间的注音符号可能会超入行距空间，而翻译书籍也可能使用类似日文排版的ruby文字，此时行距仍需保持一致。当文中需要配置这些元素时，于设计版心的阶段就须考量到这些要素来决定行距。

   繁體中文排版中，字間的注音符號可能會超入行距空間，而翻譯書籍亦可能使用類似日文排版的ruby文字，此時行距仍需保持一致。當文中需要配置這些元素時，於設計版心的階段就須考量到這些要素來決定行距。

   The line gap for the type area is commonly set to a value between 50% and 100% of the height of the character frame used for the type area. A shorter line gap can be chosen in cases where the line length is short or the character size of the type area is relatively small. On the other hand, the line gap usually does not exceed the character size. Increasing the line gap beyond the character size does not improve the reading experience.

   版心的行距多半介于文字尺寸的50%–100%之间，当行长较短或文字尺寸较小时，行距设定也会相对较小。反之，行距一般不会超过文字尺寸，就算超过文字尺寸，也不会因而增加易读性。

   版心的行距多半介於文字尺寸的50%–100%之間，當行長較短或文字尺寸較小時，行距設定也會相對較小。反之，行距一般不會超過文字尺寸，就算超過文字尺寸，也不會因而增加易讀性。

   There is another method of specifying the type area that uses line height rather than line gaps. Line height is the distance between two adjacent lines measured from their reference points. The reference point differs from implementation to implementation. For example, in vertical writing mode, the horizontal center of the character frame can be used, and in horizontal writing mode, the vertical center of the character frame can be used. When the character size is the same for every character, the following calculation is used:

   指定版心的方法中，有着不以行距，而是依行高来设定的方法。行高就是彼此邻接的两行之基准点间的距离。基准点依照处理方式而会有所不同。比如，在直排时可以行左右的中央线为基准点，横排时可以行上下的中央线为基准点。当配置的文字全部尺寸相同时，有着以下关系：

   指定版心的方法中，有著不以行距，而是依行高來設定的方法。行高就是彼此鄰接的兩行之基準點間的距離。基準點依照處理方式而會有所不同。比如，在直排時可以行左右的中央線為基準點，橫排時可以行上下的中央線為基準點。當配置的文字全部尺寸相同時，有著以下關係：

   • line height = character size / 2 + line gap + character size / 2 = character size + line gap

     行高=文字尺寸÷2+行距+文字尺寸÷2=文字尺寸+行距

     行高=文字尺寸÷2+行距+文字尺寸÷2=文字尺寸+行距

   • line gap = line height - character size

     行距=行高-文字尺寸

     行距=行高-文字尺寸

Types of headings 标题的种类 標題的種類

In terms of text composition, there are three types of headings.

标题依照排版处理方式,可分为三种：

標題依照排版處理方式，可分為以下三種：

• Whole-page headings

  全页标题

  全頁標題

• Block headings

  内文标题

  內文標題

• Run-in headings

  同行标题

  同行標題

Whole page headings are used when there is a need to separate sections in a book, usually on a separate page with the following page left blank. Sometimes subheadings, selected sentences, names of the authors or selected paragraphs will also appear with the heading. The back side of the heading page is not necessarily always blank, for example, consider the Han-tobira in Japanese books, whose following even page is not blank, and is used for the main text.

全页为书籍中需要大幅区分时使用，为了标题而使用一整页，背面为空白。有时还会有副标、摘句、作者名以及图片、部分段落等元素配置其上。有时也有背面不为空白的使用方式。通常在书籍内文开始处，会以扉页标注书名。

全頁為書籍中需要大幅區分時使用，為了標題而使用一整頁，背面為空白。有時還會有副標、摘句、作者名以及圖片、部分段落等元素配置其上。有時也有背面不為空白的使用方式。通常在書籍內文開始處，會以扉頁標注書名。

A block heading is the heading occupying a whole, independent line. The main text is set on the very next line. Top level headings and medium level headings are of this type.

内文标题是以独立一行呈现标题的作法。在标题后换行，直接接续本文。大标与中标等使用这种形式配置。

內文標題是以獨立一行呈現標題的作法。於標題後換行，直接接續本文。大標與中標等使用這種形式配置。

A run-in heading is a heading immediately followed by main text without a line break, and is usually used as a low level heading. Note that a low level heading can also appear as a block heading.

同行标题为标题后接的文章不予换行，而以接续在标题后面继续排列的形式呈现。同行标题主要用于小标。此外，小标也会使用换行标题。

同行標題為標題後接的文章不予換行，而以接續在標題後面繼續排列的形式呈現。同行標題主要利用於小標。此外，小標也會使用換行標題。

Font selection and heading font size 突显标题的方式 突顯標題的方式

Since they aim to indicate the structural level, most of the time headings have some special way to indicate their level. Here are some rules for the headings:

标题主要是为了呈现阶层结构，所以需要以特别的表现体裁来显示其阶层。标题的表现体裁包含以下几种方式：

標題主要是為了呈現階層結構，所以需要以特別的表現體裁來顯示其階層。標題的表現體裁包含以下幾種方式：

1. Character size for the heading: The character size of headings should be selected in accordance with the level of headings. For example, when the character size of main text is 9 point, the small headings are usually set in 10 points, medium headings are usually set in 12 points and large headings are usually set in 14 points.

   使用不同的文字尺寸呈现标题的阶层，例如，有着大标、中标、小标时，小标比本文文字尺寸(例如：9 pt)大一阶段(例如：10 pt)，中标则比小标大一阶段(例如：12 pt)，大标则比中标大一阶段(例如:14 pt)。

   使用不同的文字尺寸呈現標題的階層，例如，有著大標、中標、小標時，小標比本文文字尺寸（例如：9 pt）大一階段（例如：10 pt），中標則比小標大一階段（例如：12 pt），大標則比中標大一階段（例如：14 pt）。

   The character size of headings is usually larger than that of the main text. When this rule is applied, the characters in the heading should be 10% to 20% larger. And the character size of higher level headings is larger than the size of smaller size headings.

   也有采用将本文文字尺寸依照比例放大的方式，使用这方式时，以10%–20%上下，依阶层放大为佳。

   也有採用將本文文字尺寸依照比例放大的方式，使用這方式時，以10%–20%上下，依階層放大為佳。

2. Type faces for headings: Both Hei or bold Song are usually used. Other type face designs like Yuan and Kai are sometimes used as well.

   字体使用黑体，或者采用宋体加粗。此外，也有使用圆体、楷体的案例。

   使用的字體使用黑體，或者採用宋體但加粗。此外，也有使用圓體、楷體的案例。

   In letterpress printing, when Song is used as the type face of the heading, it is always designed with a larger size; while in digital printing, due to its special typography, simply increasing the font size is not enough, the characters usually use bold style to indicate emphasis.

   活版印刷使用作为标题的宋体字，其活字设计时都会因为供标题使用而字重偏重。但使用数字字体时由于是采内文字设计，放大字级后显得过轻，几乎都会加重字重为粗体。

   活版印刷使用作為標題的宋體字，其活字設計時都會因為供標題使用而字重偏重。但使用數位字體時由於是採內文字設計，放大字級後顯得過輕，幾乎都會加重字重為粗體。

   When Hei is used as the type face of low level headings, the font-weight should be increased to emphasize the heading.

   使用黑体作为小标时，也都会加重字重，令标题突显。

   使用黑體作為小標時，也都會加重字重，令標題凸顯。

3. Alignment of headings (inline direction): In the case of horizontal writing mode, large headings and medium headings are in most cases center-aligned. In the case of vertical writing mode, headings are usually aligned to the line start with some indent.

   对齐横排的大标与中标使用置中对齐的案例相当多，但直排时，则多使用对齐行首或下字。

   對齊橫排的大標與中標使用置中對齊的案例相當多，但直排時，則多使用對齊行頭或下字。

   The number of characters of line start indent for a heading depends on the heading level. If the heading level is higher, the indent character number is less, if the heading level is lower, the number of indent characters is more. The character size is based on the main text of the type area. The difference in character numbers is usually around two characters.

   下字时，下字的量一般使用版心设定文字尺寸的两倍汉字的长宽。大标、中标、小标下字量，由各排版者决定，无一定规则。

   下字時，下字的量一般使用版心設定文字尺寸的二倍漢字之長寬。大標、中標、小標下字量，由各排版者決定，無一定規則。

4. Whether to decorate with solid lines, images, or give a symbol on the top of the heading.

   其它加上框线、图片、记号等。

   其他加上框線、圖片、記號等。

How to handle headings with new recto and page break 单页起、换页处理 單頁起、換頁處理

A large heading sometimes starts with a new page following a page break, to clearly demarcate the separation between sections, in which case the process below should be followed:

标题为了做出明确区分，而会使用在新页面开始的方法，此时按照以下原则处理。

標題為了作出明確區分，而會使用於新頁面開始的方法，此時以以下原則處理：

1. Always begin with odd pages, i.e. new recto.

   一定要出现于奇数页称为单页起，主要应用于扉页、大标等。

   一定要出現於奇數頁稱為單頁起，主要應用於扉頁、大標等。

   Vertical writing mode and books bound on the right-hand side begin with a left page, horizontal writing mode and books bound on the left-hand side begin with a right page after a new recto.

   直排右翻书，由左页开始（称为左页起），横排左翻书，由右页开始（称为右页起）。

   直排右翻書，由左頁開始（稱為左頁起），橫排左翻書，由右頁開始（稱為右頁起）。

2. Always begin with new pages, regardless of even pages or odd pages, i.e. page breaking. Used for large headings.

   不分奇数页还偶数页，从新页面开始称为换页。主要用于大标。

   不分奇數頁還偶數頁，從新頁面開始稱為換頁。主要用於大標。

3. When medium headings or small headings appear on the last line of a page and there is no space left for the following paragraphs, the medium headings or small headings should be moved to the next page.

   当中标、小标出现在某一页的最末尾，其后没有空间以至于无法接续内文段落时，由于这样的呈现会使得体裁不良，也会让中标、小标换页，在下一页开头呈现。

   當中標、小標出現於某一頁的最末尾，其後沒有空間以至於無法接續內文段落時，由於這樣的呈現會使得體裁不良，也會讓中標、小標換頁，於下一頁開頭呈現。

Handling of spaces just before the new recto, page breaks and new edges 单页起、换页处理时，前一页的处理 單頁起、換頁處理時，前一頁的處理

Spaces just before new rectos, page breaks and new columns are treated as follows (the last pages are treated as the same):

单页起、换页处理时，前一页的排版处理会是问题(最终页的处理亦同)，按照以下原则处理：

單頁起、換頁處理時，前一頁的排版處理會是問題（最終頁的處理亦同），以以下原則處理：

1. In the case of single column typesetting, the spaces just before the new rectos and page breaks are left as they are.

   不分栏排版遇到单页起与换页时，前一页末尾后面留空即可。

   不分欄排版遇到單頁起與換頁時，前一頁末尾後面留空即可。

2. In the case of multiple columns, the remaining space of preceding columns is left as it is.

   换栏时，前一栏末尾后面留空即可。

   換欄時，前一欄末尾後面留空即可。

3. In the case of vertical writing mode, columns are filled with text lines from upper right to lower left. There is no need to align line numbers of the upper column and lower column, and remaining spaces are left as they are.

   直排多栏排版时，由上栏往下栏，各行依序排列，行数可不齐。

   直排多欄排版時，由上欄往下欄，各行依序排列，行數可不齊。

4. In horizontal writing mode and multi-column format, the number of lines for each column is set to be the same, but where the result of the total number of lines divided by the column number chosen for the type area results in an odd number, the last column may have a smaller number of lines and may be followed by a blank space.

   横排多栏排版时，各栏行数原则上需对齐。若无法对齐时，不足的行数在最右栏末尾留空。

   橫排多欄排版時，各欄行數原則上需對齊。若無法對齊時，不足的行數於最右欄末留空。

Processing of run-in headings 同行标题的处理方式 同行標題的處理方式

Run-in headings are usually used for low level headings. The following are some examples of run-in headings. Inter-character space between the run-in heading and following main text is usually a one character space of the base character size decided for the type area. Note that the run-in heading may be set at the last line of the page, or of the column in multi column style.

同行标题主要用于小标，以下介绍几个同行标题的配置范例。同行标题与之后接续内文的空白量，一般为版心设定文字尺寸的全角空白。此外，同行标题可以配置于页末。

同行標題主要用於小標，以下介紹幾個同行標題的配置範例。同行標題與之後接續內文的空白量，一般為版心設定文字尺寸的全形空白。此外，同行標題可以配置於頁末。

1. The run-in heading is set with the same character size as the main text and in Hei or Kai.

   与内文采相同文字尺寸，字体改为黑体或者楷体。

   與內文採相同文字尺寸，字體改為黑體或者楷體。

2. Set the run-in heading in a character size not smaller than the main text and use Hei or Kai.

   不比内文文字尺寸较小，字体改为黑体或者楷体。

   不比內文文字尺寸較小，字體改為黑體或者楷體。

   The space that the run-in headings take is not an integer times larger than the characters in the body content, and the space between the run-in headings and body content can be adjusted so as to align the body content as well as the line start and line end.

   此时同行标题所占空间并非内文文字尺寸的整数倍，所以可调整与内文间的空白量，以避免内文文字无法纵横对齐，或者无法齐行首、行尾。

   此時同行標題所占空間並非內文文字尺寸的整數倍，所以可調整與內文間的空白量，以避免內文文字無法縱橫對齊，或者無法齊行首、行尾。

3. Set the run-in heading with the same character size and typeface as the main text, but add heading numbers or European numerals in front of the heading.

   与内文采用相同文字尺寸与字体，但在前面添加汉字数字或阿拉伯数字。

   與內文採用相同文字尺寸與字體，但於前面添加漢字數字或阿拉伯數字。