CSS Color Module Level 5

Editor’s Draft,

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Chris Lilley (W3C)
Una Kravets (Google)
Lea Verou (Invited Expert)
Adam Argyle (Google)
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Abstract

This module extends CSS Color [css-color-4] to add color modification functions, custom color spaces (ICC profiles), contrast-color(), light-dark() and device-cmyk().

CSS is a language for describing the rendering of structured documents (such as HTML and XML) on screen, on paper, etc.

Status of this document

This is a public copy of the editors’ draft. It is provided for discussion only and may change at any moment. Its publication here does not imply endorsement of its contents by W3C. Don’t cite this document other than as work in progress.

Please send feedback by filing issues in GitHub (preferred), including the spec code “css-color” in the title, like this: “[css-color] …summary of comment…”. All issues and comments are archived. Alternately, feedback can be sent to the (archived) public mailing list www-style@w3.org.

This document is governed by the 03 November 2023 W3C Process Document.

1. Introduction

This section is not normative.

Web developers, design tools and design system developers often use color functions to assist in scaling the design of their component color relations. With the increasing usage of design systems that support multiple platforms and multiple user preferences, like the increased capability of Dark Mode in UI, this becomes even more useful to not need to manually set color, and to instead have a single source from which schemes are calculated.

LC color picker
chloropleth map of the US

Above, a color picker operating in CIE LCH space. Here, a pair of colors are being used to define a color scale on the Chroma-Lightness plane (constant Hue). Below, the color scale in use on a choropleth map.

Currently Sass, calc() on HSL values, or PostCSS is used to do this. However, preprocessors are unable to work on dynamically adjusted colors; all current solutions are restricted to the sRGB gamut and to the perceptual limitations of HSL (colors are bunched up in the color wheel, and two colors with visually different lightness, like yellow and blue, can have the same HSL lightness).

This module adds the new functions contrast-color(), color-mix() and light-dark(), and extends existing ones with relative color syntax.

It also extends the color() function so that not only predefined color spaces, but also custom color spaces defined by ICC profiles (including calibrated CMYK) can be used in CSS.

It also adds device-cmyk, a representation of uncalibrated cmyk color.

2. The <color> syntax

Colors in CSS are represented by the <color> type:

<color> = <color-base> | currentColor | <system-color> | 
      <contrast-color()> | <device-cmyk()>  | <light-dark()>

<color-base> = <hex-color> | <color-function> | <named-color> | <color-mix()> | transparent
<color-function> = <rgb()> | <rgba()> |
              <hsl()> | <hsla()> | <hwb()> |
              <lab()> | <lch()> | <oklab()> | <oklch()> |
              <color()>

An absolute color is a <color> whose computed value has an absolute, colorimetric interpretation. This means that the value is not:

Nor are any of those values used inside <color-mix()> or in relative color syntax.

3. Mixing Colors: the color-mix() Function

This function takes two <color> specifications and returns the result of mixing them, in a given <color-space>, by a specified amount.

color-mix() = color-mix( <color-interpolation-method> , [ <color> && <percentage [0,100]>? ]#{2})
Tests

3.1. Percentage Normalization

Percentages are required to be in the range 0% to 100%. Negative percentages are specifically disallowed. The percentages are normalized as follows:

  1. Let p1 be the first percentage and p2 the second one.

  2. If both percentages are omitted, they each default to 50% (an equal mix of the two colors).

  3. Otherwise, if p2 is omitted, it becomes 100% - p1

  4. Otherwise, if p1 is omitted, it becomes 100% - p2

  5. If the percentages sum to zero, the function is invalid.

  6. Otherwise, if both are provided and add up to greater than 100%, they are scaled accordingly so that they add up to 100%.

  7. Otherwise, if both are provided and add up to less than 100%, the sum is saved as an alpha multiplier. They are then scaled accordingly so that they add up to 100%.

This means that p1 becomes p1 / (p1 + p2) and p2 becomes p2 / (p1 + p2).

Tests
These syntactic forms are thus all equivalent: 
color-mix(in lch, purple 50%, plum 50%)
color-mix(in lch, purple 50%, plum)
color-mix(in lch, purple, plum 50%)
color-mix(in lch, purple, plum)
color-mix(in lch, plum, purple)
color-mix(in lch, purple 80%, plum 80%)

All produce a 50-50 mix of purple and plum, in lch: lch(51.51% 52.21 325.8) which is rgb(68.51% 36.01% 68.29%).

However, this form is not the same, as the alpha is less than one:

color-mix(in lch, purple 30%, plum 30%)

This produces lch(51.51% 52.21 325.8 / 0.6) which is rgb(68.51% 36.01% 68.29% / 0.6).

3.2. Calculating the Result of color-mix

After normalizing both percentages, the result is produced via the following algorithm:

  1. As described in CSS Color 4 §  12. Color Interpolation, both colors are converted to the specified interpolation <color-space>, taking into account any analogous components.

  2. Colors are then interpolated in the specified color space, as described in CSS Color 4 §  12. Color Interpolation. If the specified color space is a cylindrical-polar-color space, then the <hue-interpolation-method> controls the interpolation of hue, as described in CSS Color 4 § 12.4 Hue Interpolation. If no <hue-interpolation-method> is specified, it is as if shorter had been specified.

  3. If an alpha multiplier was produced during percentage normalization, the alpha component of the interpolated result is multiplied by the alpha multiplier.

Tests

The result of mixing is the color at the specified percentage along the progression of the second color to the first color.

Note: As a corollary, a percentage of 0% just returns the other color converted to the specified color space, and a percentage of 100% returns the same color converted to the specified color space.

This example produces a mixture of 40% peru and 60% palegoldenrod. 
color-mix(in lch, peru 40%, palegoldenrod)

The mixing is done in lch color space. Here is a top-down view, looking along the neutral L axis:

A mixture of two colors, and the mixed output. We are looking down the CIE L axis onto the ab plane. There are two axes, labelled a and b which cross at the origin, which is in the centre of the plot.
Mixtures of peru and palegoldenrod in CIE LCH. Peru has a hue angle, measured from the positive a axis, of 63.677 degrees while palegoldenrod has a hue angle of 98.834 degrees. Peru has a chroma, or distance from the central neutral axis, of 54.011 while palegoldenrod has a chroma of 31.406. All possible mixtures lie along the curve. A 40%/60% mixture is shown.

The calculation is as follows:

This example produces the mixture of teal and olive, in lch color space, with each lch channel being 65% of the value for teal and 35% of the value for olive.

Note: interpolating on hue and chroma keeps the intermediate colors as saturated as the endpoint colors.

color-mix(in lch, teal 65%, olive);

A mixture of two colors, and the mixed output. We are looking down the CIE L axis onto the ab plane. There are two axes, labelled a and b which cross at the origin, which is in the centre of the plot.

Mixtures of teal and olive. Teal has a hue angle, measured from the positive a axis, of 196.4524 degrees while olive has a hue angle of 99.5746 degrees. Teal has a chroma, or distance from the central neutral axis, of 31.6903 while olive has a chroma of 56.8124. Mixtures lie along the dashed curve. A 65%/35% mixture is shown.

The calculation is as follows:

3.3. Effect of Mixing Color Space on color-mix

The choice of mixing color space can have a large effect on the end result.

This example is a 50% mix of white and black, in three different color spaces. 
color-mix(in lch, white, black);
color-mix(in xyz, white, black);
color-mix(in srgb, white, black);

The calculation is as follows:

The mix in LCH gives an L value of 50%, a perfect mid gray, exactly as expected (mixing in Lab would do the same, as the Lightness axis is the same in LCH and Lab).

The mix in XYZ gives a result that is too light; XYZ is linear-light but is not perceptually uniform. The mix in sRGB gives a result that is a bit too light; sRGB is neither perceptually uniform nor linear-light.

This example produces the mixture of the a red and a sky blue, in xyz color space, with the mixture being 75.23% of that of the red (and thus, 24.77% of that of the blue). 
color-mix(in xyz, rgb(82.02% 30.21% 35.02%) 75.23%, rgb(5.64% 55.94% 85.31%));

The calculation is as follows:

This example is a 50% mix of white and blue, in three different color spaces.

color-mix(in lch, white, blue);
color-mix(in oklch, white, blue);
color-mix(in srgb, white, blue);

The calcuation is as follows:

This example is a mix of two colors, in hsl color space, where one of the colors to be mixed is outside the sRGB gamut. 
color-mix(in hsl, color(display-p3 0 1 0) 80%, yellow);

The calcuation is as follows:

3.4. Effect of Non-Unity Alpha on color-mix

So far, all the color-mix() examples have used fully opaque colors. To simplify the examples, the premultilication and unpremultiplication steps were omitted because these would simply multiply by 1, and divide by 1, so the result would be unchanged.

In the general case, colors may have non-unity alpha components and thus the premultiply, interpolate, unpremultiply steps must not be omitted.

This example is 25% semi-opaque red and 75% semi-opaque green. mixed in sRGB. Both the correct (premultiplied) and incorrect (non-premultiplied) workings are shown. 
color-mix(in srgb, rgb(100% 0% 0% / 0.7) 25%, rgb(0% 100% 0% / 0.2));

The calcuation is as follows:

The incorrect calculation would be:

This is a huge difference; the ΔE2000 between the correct and incorrect results is 30.7!

When the percentage normalization generates an alpha multiplier, the calculation is the same except for an additional last step.

This example is similar to the previous one, 25% semi-opaque red and 75% semi-opaque green. mixed in sRGB.

However in this case the percentages are specified as 20% of the first color and 60% of the second. This adds to 80% so the alpha multiplier is 0.8.

The mix percentages are then scaled by a factor of 100/80:
20% * 100/80 = 25%
60% * 100/80 = 75%
giving the same final mix percentages as the previous example.

color-mix(in srgb, rgb(100% 0% 0% / 0.7) 20%, rgb(0% 100% 0% / 0.2) 60%);

The calcuation is as follows:

Note: do not multiply the interpolated alpha by the alpha multiplier and then use that to undo premultiplication. That would be correct if the mix percentages were not scaled to sum to 100%, but they are, so doing it this way would adjust the mixed color twice.

4. Relative Colors

4.1. Processing Model for Relative Colors

In previous levels of this specification, the color functions could only specify colors in an absolute manner, by directly specifying all of the color channels.

The new relative color syntax extends modern color syntax to allow existing colors to be modified using the color functions: if an origin color is specified, then each color channel (and the alpha channel, if specified) can either be directly specified, or taken from the origin color (and possibly modified with math functions).

The origin color and the relative color need not use the same color function.

All operations take part in the color space of the relative color function; if the originally specified color space for the origin color used a different color function, it’s first converted into the chosen color function, so it has meaningful values for the channels and channel keywords refer to the color space of the relative color, not the origin color.

If the alpha value of the relative color is omitted, it defaults to that of the origin color (rather than defaulting to 100%, as it does in the absolute syntax).

When relative color syntax is used, color channel values, whether directly specified or arising from color space conversion, are not clamped to the reference ranges but are retained as-is. This preserves out of gamut values, if the destination color space is capable of representing them.

However, when relative color syntax is used, alpha channel values whether directly specified or arising from color space conversion, are clamped to the reference range.

Missing components are handled the same way as with CSS Color 4 § 12.2 Interpolating with Missing Components: the origin colorspace and the relative function colorspace are checked for analogous components which are then carried forward as missing.

While most uses of relative color syntax will use the channel keywords in their corresponding argument, you can use them in any position.

Beware when using components outside their normal position; when percentages are resolved to numbers, there is no "magic scaling" to account for the changed position if those numbers are used in a different place.

4.2. Relative Color Syntax

The precise details of each function’s syntactic changes to accommodate relative colors are listed below, but they all follow a common structure:

The channel keywords return a <number>; if they were originally specified as a <percentage> or an <angle>, that <percentage> is resolved to a <number> and the <angle> is resolved to a <number> of degrees (which is the canonical unit) in the range [0, 360].

Tests
For example, if a color is specified using <percentage>, then RCS in the same colorspace will use the resolved <number> form: 
html { --bluegreen:  oklab(54.3% -22.5% -5%); }
.overlay {
  background:  oklab(from var(--bluegreen) calc(1.0 - l) calc(a * 0.8) b);
}

In this example, the specified percentages are resolved to numbers, giving oklab(0.543 -0.09 -0.02). The resulting RCS color has l = 1 - 0.543 = 0.457, a = -0.09 * 0.8 = -0.072, and b is unchanged at -0.02: oklab(0.457 -0.072 -0.02).

For example, if the origin color has a hue <angle> specified in degrees, then RCS in the same colorspace will use the resolved <number> form: 
html { --base:  oklch(52.6% 0.115 44.6deg) }
.summary {
  background:  oklch(from var(--base) l c  calc(h + 90));
}

In this example the resulting RCS color is oklch(0.526 0.115 134.6).

Had the origin color hue <angle> been specified in another unit, such as radians or turns, still the resolved <number> would be the number of degrees.

By using the channel keywords in a math function, an origin color can be manipulated in more advanced ways. 
html { --color: green; }
.foo {
  --darker-accent: lch(from var(--color) calc(l / 2) c h);
}

In this example, the origin color is darkened by cutting its lightness in half, without changing any other aspect of the color.

Note as well that the origin color is a color keyword (and thus, sRGB), but it’s automatically interpreted as an LCH color due to being used in the lch() function.

For example, if a theme color is specified as opaque, but in a particular instance you need it to be partially transparent: 
html { --bg-color:  blue; }
.overlay {
  background:  rgb(from var(--bg-color) r g b / 80%);
}

In this example, the r, g, and b channels of the origin color are unchanged, indicated by specifying them with the keywords drawing their values from the origin color, but the opacity is set to 80% to make it slightly transparent, regardless of what the origin color’s opacity was.

For example, a Display P3 color which is outside the gamut of sRGB can still be represented, as it is not clipped. 
--vivid-yellow:  color(display-p3 1 1 0); 
--paler-yellow:  color(from var(--vivid-yellow) srgb r g calc(b + 0.5));

Here --vivid-yellow, once converted to sRGB, is rgb(100% 100% -34.63%) and the negative blue component is not clamped. The result of the RCS calculation is rgb(100% 100% 15.37%)

For example, attempting to double an alpha of 0.7 in the origin color results in an alpha in the result of 1, not 1.4. 
--tan:  oklch(78% 0.06 75 / 0.7);
--deeper-tan:  oklch(from var(--tan) l c h / calc(alpha * 2));
For example, to do a rough approximation of grayscaling a color: 
--blue-into-gray: rgb(from var(--color)
                    calc(r * .3 + g * .59 + b * .11)
                    calc(r * .3 + g * .59 + b * .11)
                    calc(r * .3 + g * .59 + b * .11));

Using this, red would become rgb(76.5 76.5 76.5), lime would become rgb(150.45 150.45 150.45), and blue would become rgb(150.45 150.45 150.45). A more moderate color, like darkolivegreen, which has RGB values rgb(85 107 47), would become rgb(93.8 93.8 93.8).

(Rough because firstly, although this looks like a luminance calculation, the red green and blue values are manipulated in gamma-encoded space rather than linear-light; secondly, the weighting factors are those for the obsolete NTSC color space, not sRGB.)

(Note, too, that this is just to illustrate the syntax; an easier and more accurate way to grayscale a color is to use the oklch() function, as that color space is more accurate to human perception: oklch(from var(--color) l 0 h) preserves the lightness, but zeroes out the chroma, which determines how "colorful" the color is.)

For example,

color: color(from color(srgb 0 0 0 / 60%) srgb alpha 0.6 0.6 / 0.9);

The alpha component is resolved as a <number>, giving 0.6; thus the resulting color is color(srgb 0.6 0.6 0.6 / 0.9).

However, in this second example, again the alpha resolves to 0.6, giving a very different color due to the color component range of 0 to 255 in rgb() syntax: 

color: rgb(from rgb(0 0 0 / 60%) alpha 153 153 / 0.9);

which results in rgb(0.6 153 153 / 0.9) and not rgb(153 153 153 / 0.9).

In this example the achromatic origin color has a missing hue; the relative color also has a missing hue, which affects a gradient using that color. 
html { --bg:  hsl(none 3% 50%); }
.foo {
  --darker-bg:  oklch(from var(--bg) calc(l * 0.8) c h);
}
.bar {
  background: linear-gradient(in Oklab to right,   var(--darker-bg),   #4C3);
}

The value of --bg when converted to Oklch is oklch(0.592 0.009 17.42) but the analogous hue component is carried forward giving oklch(0.592 0.009 none). These values are then used in the relative function, giving the darker color oklch(0.474 0.009 none).

The light green in the gradient is oklch(0.743 0.222 141.6), and so, when interpolated, the other color take that hue, becoming oklch(0.474 0.009 141.6).

Thus, the gradient will have a constant greenish hue.

If an implementation failed to do this carrying forward, the grayish --darker-bg would have a hue of 0, giving an undesirable reddish tint at the start of the gradient.

Correct (above) and incorrect (below, reddish) gradients.

However, if calculations are done on missing values, none is treated as 0.

4.3. Relative sRGB Colors

The grammar of the modern color syntax rgb() and rgba() functions are extended as follows:

<modern-rgb-syntax> = rgb( [ from <color> ]?
        [ <number> | <percentage> | none]{3}
        [ / [<alpha-value> | none] ]?  )
<modern-rgba-syntax> = rgba( [ from <color> ]?
        [ <number> | <percentage> | none]{3}
        [ / [<alpha-value> | none] ]?  )

Within a relative color syntax rgb() or rgba() function, the allowed channel keywords are:

Tests
To manipulate color channels in the sRGB color space: 
rgb(from  indianred 255 g b)

This takes the sRGB value of indianred (205 92 92) and replaces the red channel with 255 to give rgb(255 92 92).

Relative sRGB color syntax is only applicable to the non-legacy RGB syntactic forms.

For example, this attempt to use the rgba legacy color syntax with commas would be incorrect 
rgba(from  darkblue 16, 32, b, 0.5 )
Instead, use 
rgb(from  darkblue 16 32 b / 0.5 )

This takes the sRGB value of darkblue (0 0 139) and replaces the red, green and alpha channels to give rgb(16 32 139 / 0.5)

4.4. Relative HSL Colors

The grammar of the modern color syntax hsl() and hsla() functions is extended as follows:

<modern-hsl-syntax> = hsl([from <color>]?
          [<hue> | none]
          [<percentage> | <number> | none]
          [<percentage> | <number> | none]
          [ / [<alpha-value> | none] ]? )
<modern-hsla-syntax> = hsla([from <color>]?
        [<hue> | none]
        [<percentage> | <number> | none]
        [<percentage> | <number> | none]
        [ / [<alpha-value> | none] ]? )

Within a relative color syntax hsl() or hsla() function, the allowed channel keywords are:

Tests
This adds 180 degrees to the hue angle, giving a complementary color. 
--accent:  lightseagreen;
--complement:   hsl(from var(--accent) calc(h + 180) s l);

lightseagreen is hsl(177deg 70% 41%), so --complement is hsl(357deg 70% 41%)

Relative HSL color syntax is only applicable to the non-legacy HSL syntactic forms.

4.5. Relative HWB Colors

The grammar of the hwb() function is extended as follows:

hwb() = hwb([from <color>]?
        [<hue> | none]
        [<percentage> | <number> | none]
        [<percentage> | <number> | none]
        [ / [<alpha-value> | none] ]? )

Within a relative color syntax hwb() function, the allowed channel keywords are:

Tests

4.6. Relative Lab Colors

The grammar of the lab() function is extended as follows:

lab() = lab([from <color>]?
        [<percentage> | <number> | none]
        [<percentage> | <number> | none]
        [<percentage> | <number> | none]
        [ / [<alpha-value> | none] ]? )

Within a relative color syntax lab() function, the allowed channel keywords are:

Multiple ways to adjust the transparency of a base color:

Note that all the adjustments are lossless in the sense that no gamut clipping occurs, since lab() encompasses all visible color. This is not true for the alpha adjustments in the sRGB based functions (such as 'rgb()', 'hsl()', or 'hwb()'), which would also convert to sRGB as a necessary step for calculation of HSL or HWB, in addition to adjusting the alpha transparency.

Fully desaturating a color to gray, keeping the exact same lightness: 
--mycolor:  orchid;
// orchid is lab(62.753 52.460 -34.103)
--mygray:  lab(from var(--mycolor) l 0 0)
// mygray is lab(62.753 0 0) which is rgb(59.515% 59.515% 59.515%)

4.7. Relative Oklab Colors

The grammar of the oklab() function is extended as follows:

oklab() = oklab([from <color>]?
          [<percentage> | <number> | none]
          [<percentage> | <number> | none]
          [<percentage> | <number> | none]
          [ / [<alpha-value> | none] ]? )

Within a relative color syntax oklab() function, the allowed channel keywords are:

4.8. Relative LCH Colors

The grammar of the lch() function is extended as follows:

lch() = lch([from <color>]?
        [<percentage> | <number> | none]
        [<percentage> | <number> | none]
        [<hue> | none]
        [ / [<alpha-value> | none] ]? )

Within a relative color syntax lch() function, the allowed channel keywords are:

Tests
lch(from peru calc(l * 0.8) c h) produces a color that is 20% darker than peru or lch(62.2532% 54.0114 63.6769), with its chroma and hue left unchanged. The result is lch(49.80256 54.0114 63.6769)
This adds 180 degrees to the hue angle, giving the complementary color. 
--accent:  lightseagreen;
--complement:   lch(from var(--accent) l c calc(h + 180));

lightseagreen is lch(65.4937 39.4484 190.1013), so --complement is lch(65.4937 39.4484 370.1013)

Fully desaturating a color to gray, keeping the exact same lightness: 
--mycolor:  orchid;
// orchid is lch(62.753 62.571 326.973)
--mygray:  lch(from var(--mycolor) l 0 h)
// mygray is lch(62.753 0 326.973) which is rgb(59.515% 59.515% 59.515%)

But now (since the hue was preserved) re-saturating again

--mymuted:  lch(from var(--mygray) l 30 h);
// mymuted is lch(62.753 30 326.973) which is rgb(72.710% 53.293% 71.224%)

However, unlike HSL, manipulations are not guaranteed to be in-gamut.

In this example, the aim is to produce a new color with the same Lightness and Chroma, but the triad (hue differs by 120 degrees). The origin color is inside the RGB gamut, but rotating the hue in LCH produces an out of gamut color. 
--mycolor:  lch(60% 90 320);
lch(from var(--mycolor) l c calc(h - 120));

This gives a very high-chroma blue-green, lch(60% 90 200) which is color(srgb -0.6 0.698 0.772) and thus out of gamut (negative red value) for sRGB. Indeed, it is out of gamut for display-p3: color(display-p3 -0.46 0.68 0.758) and even rec2020: color(rec2020 -0.14 0.623 0.729).

The closest color inside the sRGB gamut would be lch(60.71% 37.56 201.1) which is rgb(0% 64.2% 66.3%). The difference in chroma (37.5, instead of 90) is huge.

Diagram of CIE CH plane showing relative color manipulation. The a and b axes are labelled, and cross in the middle. We are looking down the central Lightness axis. The maximal gamut of the sRGB color space is shown as an irregular, convex polygon.

This diagram shows the sRGB gamut, in the CIE ab plane. Small circles indicate the primary and secondary color. The origin color, shown as a large circle, is in gamut for sRGB; but becomes out of gamut (shown as a grey fill and red border) when the LCH hue is rotated -120°. The gamut-mapped result has much lower chroma.

Performing the same operation in HSL will return an in-gamut result. But it is unsatisfactory in other ways:

--mycolor:  lch(60% 90 320);
hsl(from var(--mycolor) calc(h - 120) s l);

In HSL, --mycolor is hsl(289.18 93.136% 65.531%) so subtracting 120 degrees gives hsl(169.18 93.136% 65.531%). Converting that result back to LCH lch(89.0345% 49.3503 178.714) we see that, due to the hue rotate in HSL, Lightness shot up from 60% to 89%, the Chroma has dropped from 90 to 49, and the Hue actually changed by 141 degrees, not 120.

4.9. Relative Oklch Colors

The grammar of the oklch() function is extended as follows:

oklch() = oklch([from <color>]?
          [<percentage> | <number> | none]
          [<percentage> | <number> | none]
          [<hue> | none]
          [ / [<alpha-value> | none] ]? )

Within a relative color syntax oklch() function, the allowed channel keywords are:

Tests

Because Oklch is both perceptually uniform and chroma-preserving, and because the axes correspond to easily understood attributes of a color, Oklch is a good choice for color manipulation.

In this example, the aim is again to produce a new color with the same Lightness and Chroma, but the triad (hue differs by 120 degrees). In this example, we will do the manipulation in Oklch. The origin color is inside the RGB gamut, but rotating the hue in Oklch again produces an out of gamut color. 
--mycolor:  lch(60% 90 320);
oklch(from var(--mycolor) l c calc(h - 120));

--mycolor is oklch(0.69012 0.25077 319.893). Subtracting 120 from the Hue gives a very high-chroma blue-green, oklch(0.69012 0.25077 199.893) which is out of sRGB gamut, color(srgb -0.6018 0.7621 0.8448) as the negative red component indicates. Bring this into gamut by reducing Oklch Chroma, yields oklch(0.69012 0.1173 199.893). The Oklch chroma has dropped from 0.251 to 0.117.

5. Specifying Predefined and Custom Color Spaces: the color() Function

The color() function allows a color to be specified in a particular, given color space (rather than the implicit sRGB color space that most of the other color functions operate in).

In this level the color() function is extended to allow custom color spaces, in addition to the predefined spaces from CSS Color 4 §  10. Predefined Color Spaces.

It is also extended to allow relative, rather than just absolute, colors.

Its syntax is now as follows:

color() = color( [from <color>]? <colorspace-params> [ / [ <alpha-value> | none ] ]? )
<colorspace-params> = [<custom-params> | <predefined-rgb-params> | <xyz-params>]
<custom-params> = <dashed-ident> [ <number> | <percentage> | none ]+
<predefined-rgb-params> = <predefined-rgb> [ <number> | <percentage> | none ]{3}
<predefined-rgb> = srgb | srgb-linear | display-p3 | a98-rgb | prophoto-rgb | rec2020
<xyz-params> = <xyz> [ <number> | <percentage> | none ]{3}
<xyz> = xyz | xyz-d50 | xyz-d65

The color function takes parameters specifying a color, in an explicitly listed color space.

It represents either an invalid color, as described below, or a valid color.

Any color which is not an invalid color is a valid color.

A color may be a valid color but still be outside the range of colors that can be produced by an output device (a screen, projector, or printer). It is said to be out of gamut for that color space.

An out of gamut color has component values less than 0 or 0%, or greater than 1 or 100%. These are not invalid; instead, for display, they are gamut-mapped using a relative colorimetric intent which brings the values within the range 0/0% to 1/100% at computed-value time.

Each valid color is either in-gamut for the output device (screen, or printer), or it is out of gamut.

5.1. Relative Color-Function Colors

Within a relative color syntax color() function using <custom-params>, the number and name of the allowed channel keywords are:

Within a relative color syntax color() function using <predefined-rgb-params>, the allowed channel keywords are:

Within a relative color syntax color() function using <xyz-params>, the allowed channel keywords are:

Within a relative color syntax color() function using either <predefined-rgb-params> or <xyz-params>, an additional allowed channel keyword is:

The parameters have the following form:

Tests
For example, Relative Color Syntax in the CIE XYZ D65 colorspace is used to generate a color which has the same chromaticity but exactly half the luminance of the base color: 
--base:  color(display-p3 0.7 0.5 0.1);
--dark:  color(from var(--base) xyz-d65 calc(x/2) calc(y/2) calc(z/2));

The origin color is color(xyz-d65 0.281 0.253 0.044) and so the relative color is color(xyz-d65 0.14 0.126 0.022).

5.2. Custom Color Spaces

CSS allows colors to be specified by reference to a color profile. This could be for example a calibrated CMYK printer, or an RGB color space, or any other color or monochrome output device which has been characterized.

This example specifies four calibrated colors: two are custom spaces (for a SWOP-coated CMYK press, and for a wide-gamut seven-ink printer), the other two are predefined spaces (the ProPhoto RGB, and display-p3 RGB spaces). In each case, the numerical parameters are in the range 0.0 to 1.0 (rather than, for example, 0 to 255). 
color: color(--swopc 0.0134 0.8078 0.7451 0.3019);
color: color(--indigo 0.0941 0.6274 0.3372 0.1647 0 0.0706 0.1216);
color: color(prophoto-rgb 0.9137 0.5882 0.4784);
color: color(display-p3 0.3804 0.9921 0.1412);

The colors not using a predefined color space CSS Color 4 §  10. Predefined Color Spaces are distinguished by their use of <dashed-ident> and also need a matching @color-profile at-rule somewhere in the stylesheet, to connect the name with the profile data.

Tests 
@color-profile --swopc {
  src: url('http://example.org/swop-coated.icc');}
@color-profile --indigo {
  src: url('http://example.org/indigo-seven.icc');}

5.3. Specifying a Color Profile: the @color-profile at-rule

The @color-profile rule defines and names a color profile which can later be used in the color() function to specify a color.

It’s defined as:

@color-profile = @color-profile [<dashed-ident> | device-cmyk] { <declaration-list> }
Tests

The <dashed-ident> gives the color profile’s name, by which it will be used in a CSS stylesheet. Alternatively, the device-cmyk keyword means that this color profile will, if valid, be used to resolve colors specified in device-cmyk.

The @color-profile rule accepts the descriptors defined in this specification.

Name: src
For: @color-profile
Value: <url>
Initial: n/a

The src descriptor specifies the URL to retrieve the color-profile information from.

The retrieved ICC profile is valid if

If the profile is not valid, all CSS colors which reference this profile are invalid colors.

To fetch an external color profile, given a @color-profile rule rule, fetch a style resource given rule’s URL, with stylesheet being rule’s parent CSS style sheet, destination "color-profile", CORS mode "cors", and processResponse being the following steps given response |/res| and null, failure or a byte stream byteStream: If byteStream is a byte stream, apply the color profile as parsed from |byteStream.

Note: The Internet Media Type ("MIME type") for ICC profiles is application/vnd.iccprofile.

Name: rendering-intent
For: @color-profile
Value: relative-colorimetric | absolute-colorimetric | perceptual | saturation
Initial: relative-colorimetric

Color profiles contain “rendering intents”, which define how to gamut-map their color to smaller gamuts than they’re defined over. Often a profile will contain only a single intent, but when there are multiple, the rendering-intent descriptor chooses one of them to use.

The four possible rendering intents are [ICC]:

relative-colorimetric
Media-relative colorimetric is required to leave source colors that fall inside the destination medium gamut unchanged relative to the respective media white points. Source colors that are out of the destination medium gamut are mapped to colors on the gamut boundary using a variety of different methods.

The media-relative colorimetric rendering intent is often used with black point compensation, where the source medium black point is mapped to the destination medium black point as well. This method must map the source white point to the destination white point. If black point compensation is in use, the source black point must also be mapped to the destination black point. Adaptation algorithms should be used to adjust for the change in white point. Relative relationships of colors inside both source and destination gamuts should be preserved. Relative relationships of colors outside the destination gamut may be changed.

absolute-colorimetric
ICC-absolute colorimetric is required to leave source colors that fall inside the destination medium gamut unchanged relative to the adopted white (a perfect reflecting diffuser). Source colors that are out of the destination medium gamut are mapped to colors on the gamut boundary using a variety of different methods. This method produces the most accurate color matching of in-gamut colors, but will result in highlight clipping if the destination medium white point is lower than the source medium white point. For this reason it is recommended for use only in applications that need exact color matching and where highlight clipping is not a concern.

This method MUST disable white point matching and black point matching when converting colors. In general, this option is not recommended except for testing purposes.

perceptual
This method is often the preferred choice for images, especially when there are substantial differences between the source and destination (such as a screen display image reproduced on a reflection print). It takes the colors of the source image and re-optimizes the appearance for the destination medium using proprietary methods. This re-optimization may result in colors within both the source and destination gamuts being changed, although perceptual transforms are supposed to maintain the basic artistic intent of the original in the reproduction. They will not attempt to correct errors in the source image.

Note: With v2 ICC profiles there is no specified perceptual reference medium, which can cause interoperability problems. When v2 ICC profiles are used it can be safer to use the media-relative colorimetric rendering intent with black point compensation, instead of the perceptual rendering intent, unless the specific source and destination profiles to be used have been checked to ensure the combination produces the desired result.

This method should maintain relative color values among the pixels as they are mapped to the target device gamut. This method may change pixel values that were originally within the target device gamut, in order to avoid hue shifts and discontinuities and to preserve as much as possible the overall appearance of the scene.

saturation
This option was created to preserve the relative saturation (chroma) of the original, and to keep solid colors pure. However, it experienced interoperability problems like the perceptual intent, and as solid color preservation is not amenable to a reference medium solution using v4 profiles does not solve the problem. Use of this rendering intent is not recommended unless the specific source and destination profiles to be used have been checked to ensure the combination produces the desired result. This option should preserve the relative saturation (chroma) values of the original pixels. Out of gamut colors should be converted to colors that have the same saturation but fall just inside the gamut.
Name: components
For: @color-profile
Value: <ident>#
Initial: n/a

Color profiles can define color spaces which contain a varying number of components. For example, a Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black (CMYK) profile has four components named c, m, y and k While a four-component additive screen profile might use four components named r, g, y and b.

The value of this descriptor is a comma-separated list of <ident> tokens. Each <ident>> names a component, in the order in which they are used in the color profile, while the total number of tokens defines the number of components.

This descriptor declares that there are four components named cyan, magenta, yellow and black: 
components: cyan, magenta, yellow, black

while this descriptor opts for terser names:

components: c,m,y,k
This descriptor declares that there are seven components named cyan, magenta, yellow, black, orange, green and violet: 
components: cyan, magenta, yellow, black, orange, green, violet

If a component is an ASCII case-insensitive match for none, the descriptor is invalid, because that would clash with the token for missing values.

If the name chosen for a component clashes with a CSS numeric constant as defined in CSS Values 4 § 10.7.1 Numeric Constants: e, pi the component is still valid, but inside calc() the component will be shadowed by the numeric constant leading to unexpected results.

This descriptor unwisely calls a component pi, leading to unexpected results in Relative Color Syntax. 
@color-profile --unwise {
  src: url(https://example.com/unwise);
  components: mi, pi, ni;
}
--base: color(--unwise 35% 20% 8%);
--accent: color(from var(--base) mi calc(pi * 2) calc(ni / 2));

Here, the component values of --accent are 35%, 3.14159265358979 * 2 = 6.28318530717959, 4%.

5.4. CSS and Print: Using Calibrated CMYK and Other Printed Color Spaces

The @color-profile at-rule is not restricted to RGB color spaces. While screens typically display colors directly in RGB, printers often represent colors with CMYK.

Calibrated four color print with Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black (CMYK), or high-fidelity wide gamut printing with additional inks such as Cyan Magenta Yellow Black Orange Green Violet (CMYKOGV) can also be done in CSS, provided you have an ICC profile corresponding to the combination of inks, paper, total ink coverage and equipment you will use.

For example, using offset printing to ISO 12647-2:2004 / Amd 1:2007 using the FOGRA39 characterization data on 115gsm coated paper with an ink limit of 300% Total Area Coverage [FOGRA39]. 
@color-profile --fogra39 {
  src: url('https://example.org/Coated_Fogra39L_VIGC_300.icc');
}
.header {
  background-color:   color(--fogra39 0% 70% 20% 0%);
  }

Here the color() function first states the name we have given the profile, then gives the percentage of cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.

In this profile, this resolves to the color  lab(63.673303% 51.576902 5.811058) which is  rgb(93.124, 44.098% 57.491%).

Because the actual color resulting from a given CMYK combination is known, an on-screen visualization of the printed output (soft-proof) can be made.

Also, procedures that rely on knowing the color (anti-aliasing, compositing, using the color in a gradient, etc) can proceed as normal.

A grid of colored squares. There are six columns, labelled A to F, and four rows, labelled 1 to 4.

A color checker, used for ensuring color fidelity in the print and photographic industries. Averaged measured Lab values are available for each patch. The rectangles show the Lab values, converted to sRGB. The circles, which are barely visible, show the Lab values, passed through a FOGRA51 [FOGRA51] ICC profile to convert them to CMYK. The CMYK values are then passed through the same ICC profile in reverse, to yield new Lab values. These are then converted to sRGB for display.

The one patch with a more visible circle (third row, first patch) is because the color is slightly outside the gamut of the FOGRA51 CMYK space used.

The table below shows, for each patch, the DeltaE 2000 between the original Lab and the Lab value after round-tripping through CMYK. A DeltaE 2000 of 1 or more is just visible.

A B C D E F
1 0.06 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.17
2 0.03 0.75 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.02
3 1.9 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.02 0.05
4 0.03 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.80
This example is using offset printing to ISO 12647-2:2004 using the CGATS/SWOP TR005 2007 characterization data on grade 5 paper with an ink limit of 300% Total Area Coverage, and medium gray component replacement (GCR). 
@color-profile --swop5c {
  src: url('https://example.org/SWOP2006_Coated5v2.icc');
}
.header {
  background-color:   color(--swop5c 0% 70% 20% 0%);
}

In this profile, this amount of CMYK (the same percentages as the previous example) resolves to the color  lab(64.965217% 52.119710 5.406966) which is  rgb(94.903% 45.248% 59.104%).

Fallback colors can be specified, for example using media queries, to be used if the specified CMYK color is known to be outside the sRGB gamut.

This example uses the same FOGRA39 setup as before, but specifies a bright green which is outside the sRGB gamut. It is, however, inside the display-p3 gamut. Therefore it is displayed as-is on wide gamut screens and in print, and a less intense fallback color is used on sRGB screens. 
@media (color-gamut: srgb) {
  .header {
    background-color:   rgb(8.154% 60.9704% 37.184%);
    }
}
@media print, (color-gamut: p3){
  .header {
    background-color:   color(--fogra39 90% 0% 90% 0%);
    }
}

This CMYK color corresponds to lab(56.596645% -58.995875 28.072154) or lch(56.596645% 65.33421077211648 154.5533771086801). In sRGB this would be rgb(-60.568% 62.558% 32.390%) which, as the large negative red component shows, is out of gamut.

Reducing the chroma until the result is in gamut gives  lch(56.596645% 51 154.5533771086801) which is  rgb(8.154% 60.9704% 37.184%) and this has been manually specified as a fallback color.

For wide gamut screens, the color is inside the display-p3 gamut (it is display-p3(0.1658 0.6147 0.3533) ).

Colors are not restricted to four inks (CMYK). For example, wide-gamut 7 Color ink sets can be used.

This example uses the beta FOGRA55 dataset [FOGRA55] for CMYKOGV seven-color printing. Four of the inks - black, cyan, magenta, and yellow - are the same as, and give the same results as, the FOGRA51 set. The other three inks are:

The measurement condition is M1, which means that optical brighteners in the paper are accounted for and the spectrophotometer has no UV-cut filter.

@color-profile --fogra55beta {
  src: url('https://example.org/2020_13.003_FOGRA55beta_CL_Profile.icc');
}
.dark_skin {
  background-color: 
  color(--fogra55beta 0.183596 0.464444 0.461729 0.612490 0.156903 0.000000 0.000000);
}
.light_skin {
  background-color: 
  color(--fogra55beta 0.070804 0.334971 0.321802 0.215606 0.103107 0.000000 0.000000);
}
.blue_sky {
  background-color: 
  color(--fogra55beta 0.572088 0.229346 0.081708 0.282044 0.000000 0.000000 0.168260);
}
.foliage {
  background-color: 
  color(--fogra55beta 0.314566 0.145687 0.661941 0.582879 0.000000 0.234362 0.000000);
}
.blue_flower {
  background-color: 
  color(--fogra55beta 0.375515 0.259934 0.034849 0.107161 0.000000 0.000000 0.308200);
}
.bluish_green {
  background-color: 
  color(--fogra55beta 0.397575 0.010047 0.223682 0.031140 0.000000 0.317066 0.000000);
}

5.5. Converting CMYK colors to Lab

Conversion from a calibrated CMYK color space to Lab is typically done by looking up the Lab values in an ICC profile.

5.6. Converting Lab colors to CMYK

For print, Lab colors will need to be converted to the color space of the printer.

This is typically done by looking up the CMYK values in an ICC profile.

6. Uncalibrated CMYK Colors: the device-cmyk() Function

Sometimes, when a given printer has not been calibrated, but the output for particular ink combinations is known through experimentation, or via a printed sample swatchbook, it is useful to express CMYK colors in a device-dependent way.

Note: Because the actual resulting color can be unknown, CSS processors might attempt to approximate it. This approximation is likely to be visually very far from the actual printed result.

The device-cmyk() function allows authors to specify a color in this way:

device-cmyk() = <legacy-device-cmyk-syntax> | <modern-device-cmyk-syntax>
<legacy-device-cmyk-syntax> = device-cmyk( <number>#{4} )
<modern-device-cmyk-syntax> = device-cmyk( <cmyk-component>{4} [ / [ <alpha-value> | none ] ]? )
<cmyk-component> = <number> | <percentage> | none

The arguments of the device-cmyk() function specify the cyan, magenta, yellow, and black components, in order, as a number between 0 and 1 or, in the modern syntax, as a percentage between 0% and 100%. These two usages are equivalent, and map to each other linearly. Values less than 0 or 0%, or greater than 1 or 100%, are not invalid; instead, they are clamped to 0/0% or 1/100% at computed-value time.

In the modern syntax, the fifth argument specifies the alpha channel of the color. It’s interpreted identically to the fourth argument of the rgb() function. If omitted, it defaults to 100%.

For historical reasons, device-cmyk() also support a legacy color syntax.

Typically, print-based applications will actually store the used colors as CMYK, and send them to the printer in that form. However, such colors do not have a colorimetric interpretation, and thus cannot be used in gradients, compositing, blending and so on.

As such, Device CMYK colors must be converted to an equivalent color. This is not trivial, like the conversion from HSL or HWB to RGB; the precise conversion depends on the precise characteristics of the output device.

  1. If the user, author, or user-agent stylesheet has an @color-profile definition for device-cmyk, and the resource specified by the src descriptor can be retrieved, and the resource is a valid CMYK ICC profile, and the user agent can process ICC profiles, the computed value of the device-cmyk() function must be the Lab value of the CMYK color.
  2. Otherwise, the computed value of the device-cmyk() function must be the sRGB value of the CMYK color, as converted with the following naive conversion algorithm.
For example, with no @color-profile, the following colors are equivalent, using the naive conversion. 
color:  device-cmyk(0 81% 81% 30%);
color:  rgb(178 34 34);
color:  firebrick;
With the @color-profile specified as in the example stylesheet, the following colors are equivalent, using colorimetric conversion. 
color:  device-cmyk(0 81% 81% 30%);
color:  lab(45.060% 45.477 35.459)
color:  rgb(70.690% 26.851% 19.724%);

The naive conversion is necessarily approximate, since it has no knowledge of the colorimetry of the inks, the dot gain, the colorimetry of the RGB space, and so on.

A grid of colored squares. There are six columns, labelled A to F, and four rows, labelled 1 to 4.

A color checker, used for ensuring color fidelity in the print and photographic industries. Averaged measured Lab values are available for each patch. The rectangles show the Lab values, converted to sRGB. The circles show the Lab values, passed through an ICC profile to convert them to CMYK. The CMYK value are then naively converted to sRGB.

The table below shows, for each patch, the DeltaE 2000 between the original Lab and the Lab value after round-tripping through CMYK. A DeltaE 2000 of 1 or more is just visible, while 5 or more is just a different color altogether.

A B C D E F
1 11.33 9.36 5.66 7.52 12.39 21.58
2 6.40 8.79 11.77 17.16 11.91 3.97
3 12.1 17.00 3.38 1.94 18.08 14.97
4 1.89 6.56 7.85 8.76 9.82 10.29

6.1. Naively Converting Between Uncalibrated CMYK and sRGB-Based Color

To naively convert from CMYK to RGBA:

To naively convert from RGBA to CMYK:

7. Reacting to the used color-scheme: the light-dark() Function

System colors have the ability to react to the current used color-scheme value. The light-dark() function exposes the same capability to authors.

light-dark() = light-dark( <color>, <color> )

This function computes to the computed value of the first color, if the used color scheme is light or unknown, or to the computed value of the second color, if the used color scheme is dark.

Tests

8. Dynamically specifying a text color with adequate contrast: the contrast-color() Function

When colors are created dynamically, it can often be a challenge to specify a text color that provides adequate contrast with them when used as a background color. The contrast-color() function automatically provides a color with guaranteed color contrast when used as a text color on a solid background of the specified color.

Note: Legibility is a complex topic, and sufficient color contrast is only one piece of the puzzle. Having a color pair with sufficient contrast does not guarantee that the text will be legible, as that also depends on a variety of factors, such as the font, the size of the text, the surrounding colors, etc.

contrast-color() = contrast-color( <color> max? )

If max' is specified, the function computes to white or black, depending on which of the two produces _maximum_ color contrast for text when the input color is used as a solid background. If both colors produce the same contrast, the function should return white.

If max' is omitted, the function computes to a very light or very dark color (which may still be white or black), which will contrast well with the input color when used as a text color and the input color is used as a solid background. The function MUST return a light color if it would have returned white if max were specified, and a dark color if it would have returned black if max were specified.

Note: The precise requirement for how close these colors need to be to white and black and what color difference measure to use for that are still under discussion.

The precise color contrast algorithm for determining whether to output a light or dark color is UA-defined at this level, as is the precise color produced when max' is omitted.

Note: Future versions of this specification are expected to introduce more control over both the contrast algorithm(s) used, the use cases, as well as the returned color.

UAs are advised to not simply use the WCAG 2.1 section 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum) contrast ratio algorithm to decide between light and dark colors, as it has several known issues. However, colors returned by this function should still meet the WCAG 2.1 section 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum) for AA large text, as many authors need to meet legal requirements that mandate this.

9. Color Interpolation

9.1. Color Space for Interpolation

The <color-interpolation-method> is extended to allow use of the custom color spaces:

<color-space> = <rectangular-color-space> | <polar-color-space> | <custom-color-space>
<rectangular-color-space> = srgb | srgb-linear | display-p3 | a98-rgb | prophoto-rgb | rec2020 | lab | oklab | xyz | xyz-d50 | xyz-d65
<polar-color-space> = hsl | hwb | lch | oklch
<custom-color-space> = <dashed-ident>
<hue-interpolation-method> = [ shorter | longer | increasing | decreasing ] hue
<color-interpolation-method> = in [ <rectangular-color-space> | <polar-color-space> <hue-interpolation-method>? | <custom-color-space> ]

The <dashed-ident> must have been declared in a valid @color-profile rule, otherwise the <color-interpolation-method> is invalid.

10. Resolving <color> Values

10.1. Resolving color-mix() Values

If all <color> parameters resolve to the corresponding colors in their respective color spaces, the computed value is the mixed color, in the specified mixing color space, resolved according to CSS Color 4 §  14. Resolving <color> Values. Otherwise (if currentColor was used in the function), the computed value is the color-mix() function with each <color> parameter resolved according to CSS Color 4 §  14. Resolving <color> Values, thus preserving inheritance into child elements.

Tests

10.2. Resolving Relative Color Syntax Values

If all <color> parameters resolve to the corresponding colors in their respective color spaces, the computed value is the absolute <color> value, in the specified RCS color space, resolved according to CSS Color 4 §  14. Resolving <color> Values.

Tests

Otherwise (if currentColor was used in the function), the computed value is the Relative Color Syntax function with the origin <color> parameter resolved according to CSS Color 4 §  14. Resolving <color> Values, thus preserving inheritance into child elements.

Tests

10.3. Resolving device-cmyk Values

The computed and used value is the specified device-specific CMYK color, (with components as <number>, not <percentage>) paired with the specified alpha channel (as a <number>, not a <percentage>; and defaulting to opaque if unspecified).

The actual value can vary based on the operation; for rendering to a CMYK-capable device, it may be rendered as a CMYK color; for blending with non-CMYK colors or rendering to a non-CMYK device, it must be converted as specified in § 6 Uncalibrated CMYK Colors: the device-cmyk() Function.

For example, 
 device-cmyk(0% 70% 20% 0%)

has the specified and actual value

 device-cmyk(0 0.7 0.2 0)

and will, if the implementation understands ICC profiles and has an appropriate profile installed, have the used value

 lab(63.673% 51.577 5.811)

Note: As with all colors, the used value is not available to script.

11. Serialization

This section extends CSS Color 4 §  15. Serializing <color> Values to add serialization of the results of the color-mix(), device-cmyk(), and relative color functions.

In this section, the strings used in the specification and the corresponding characters are as follows.

String Character
" " U+0020 SPACE
"," U+002C COMMA
"-" U+002D HYPHEN-MINUS
"." U+002E FULL STOP
"/" U+002F SOLIDUS

The string "." shall be used as a decimal separator, regardless of locale, and there shall be no thousands separator.

As usual, if the alpha of the result is exactly 1, it is omitted from the serialization; an implicit value of 1 (fully opaque) is the default.

11.1. Serializing color-mix()

The serialization of the declared value of a color-mix() function is the string "color-mix(in ", followed by the specified <color-space> in all-lowercase, followed by ", ", followed by the first specified color, followed by a space, followed by the specified (un-normalized) first percentage (unless both percentages are 50%), followed by ", ", followed by the second specified color, followed by the specified (un-normalized) second percentage (unless the two specified percentages add to 100%), followed by ")".

Following the principle of shortest serialization, the second percentage is typically omitted, even if explicitly specified.

For example, the serialized declared value of 
color-mix(in oklab, teal, peru 40%)

would be the string "color-mix(in oklab, teal 60%, peru)".

The serialized declared value of

color-mix(in oklab, teal 50%, peru 50%)

would be the string "color-mix(in oklab, teal, peru)".

The serialized declared value of

color-mix(in oklab, teal 70%, peru 70%)

would be the string "color-mix(in oklab, teal 70%, peru 70%)" because the fact that these normalize to 50% each is only discovered after percentage normalization.

The serialization of the result of a color-mix() function depends on whether the keyword currentColor is used in the mix. If so, the result is serialized as the declared value. This allows the correct mixture to be used on child elements whose color property has a different value. Otherwise, it is a <color>, as defined in CSS Color 4 §  15. Serializing <color> Values. The form used depends on the color space specified with "in":

mixing color space form
srgb color(srgb r g b)
srgb-linear color(srgb-linear r g b)
display-p3 color(display-p3 r g b)
a98-rgb color(a98-rgb r g b)
prophoto-rgb color(prophoto-rgb r g b)
rec2020 color(rec2020 r g b)
hsl color(srgb r g b)
hwb color(srgb r g b)
xyz-d65 color(xyz-d65 x y z)
xyz-d50 color(xyz-d50 x y z)
xyz color(xyz-d65 x y z) ¹
lab lab(l a b)
lch lch(l c h)
oklab oklab(l a b)
oklch oklch(l c h)
¹
Because xyz is just an alias for xyz-d65
Tests

The minimum precision for round-tripping is the same as that specified in CSS Color 4 §  15. Serializing <color> Values.

The result of this color mixture 
color-mix(in lch, peru 40%, palegoldenrod)

is serialized as the string "lch(79.7256 40.448 84.771)" while the result of

color-mix(in srgb, peru 40%, palegoldenrod)

is serialized as the string "color(srgb 0.8816 0.7545 0.4988)".

11.2. Serializing Relative Color Functions

The serialization of the declared value of a relative color function is a string identifying the color function in all-lowercase, followed by "(from ", followed by the serialization of the declared value of the origin color, followed by a single space, followed by a singly-space-separated list of the arguments to the color function, followed by ")".

For example, the result of serializing the declared value 
OkLcH(from peru  l    c  h)

is the string "oklch(from peru l c h)"

The serialization of the result of a relative color function depends on whether the keyword currentColor is the origin color. If so, the result is serialized as the declared value. This allows the correct value to be used on child elements whose color property has a different value. Otherwise, it is the resolved value, which is a <color>, as defined in CSS Color 4 §  15. Serializing <color> Values.

The form used depends on the color space of the relative color:

mixing color space form
srgb color(srgb r g b)
srgb-linear color(srgb-linear r g b)
display-p3 color(display-p3 r g b)
a98-rgb color(a98-rgb r g b)
prophoto-rgb color(prophoto-rgb r g b)
rec2020 color(rec2020 r g b)
hsl color(srgb r g b)
hwb color(srgb r g b)
xyz-d65 color(xyz-d65 x y z)
xyz-d50 color(xyz-d50 x y z)
xyz color(xyz-d65 x y z)
lab lab(l a b)
lch lch(l c h)
oklab oklab(l a b)
oklch oklch(l c h)
Tests

The minimum precision for round-tripping is the same as that specified in CSS Color 4 § 15.5 Serializing values of the color() function.

The result of serializing 
lch(from peru calc(l * 0.8) calc(c * 0.7) calc(h + 180))

is the string "lch(49.80224 37.80819 243.6803)"

11.3. Serializing Custom Color Spaces

The precision with which color() component values are retained, and thus the number of significant figures in the serialized value, is not defined in this specification, but for CMYK color spaces must at least be sufficient to round-trip values with eight bit precision; this will result in at least two decimal places unless trailing zeroes have been omitted.

The serialized value of the color in

@color-profile --swop5c {src: url('https://example.org/SWOP2006_Coated5v2.icc');
}
.header {
background-color:    color(--swop5c  0% 70.0% 20.00% .0%);
}

is the string "color(--swop5c 0 0.7 0.2 0)"

11.4. Serializing device-cmyk Values

The serialized form of device-cmyk() values is derived from the computed value and uses the device-cmyk() form, with lowercase letters for the function name.

The component values are serialized in base 10, as <number>. A single ASCII space character " " must be used as the separator between the component values.

Trailing fractional zeroes in any component values must be omitted; if the fractional part consists of all zeroes, the decimal point must also be omitted.

The serialized value of the color

  device-cmyk(0 81% 81% 30%)

is the string "device-cmyk(0 0.81 0.81 0.3)"

The precision with which device-cmyk() component values are retained, and thus the number of significant figures in the serialized value, is not defined in this specification, but must at least be sufficient to round-trip values with eight bit precision; this will result in at least two decimal places unless trailing zeroes have been omitted. Values must be rounded towards +∞, not truncated.

Unitary alpha values are not explicitly serialized. Non-unitary alpha values must be explicitly serialized, and the string " / " (an ASCII space, then forward slash, then another space) must be used to separate the black ("k") color component value from the alpha value.

12. APIs

12.1. The CSSColorProfileRule interface

The CSSColorProfileRule interface represents a @color-profile rule.

[Exposed=Window]
interface CSSColorProfileRule : CSSRule {
  readonly attribute CSSOMString name ;
  readonly attribute CSSOMString src ;
  readonly attribute CSSOMString renderingIntent ;
  readonly attribute CSSOMString components ;
};
name, of type CSSOMString, readonly
The name attribute on getting must return a CSSOMString object that contains the serialization of the color profile’s name defined for the associated rule.
src, of type CSSOMString, readonly
renderingIntent, of type CSSOMString, readonly
components, of type CSSOMString, readonly
The remaining attributes on getting must return a CSSOMString object that contains the serialization of the associated descriptor defined for the associated rule. If the descriptor was not specified in the associated rule, the attribute must return an empty string.

13. Default Style Rules

The following stylesheet is informative, not normative. This style sheet could be used by an implementation as part of its default styling of HTML Family documents.

/* traditional desktop user agent colors for hyperlinks */
:link { color: LinkText; }
:visited { color: VisitedText; }
:active { color: ActiveText; }

/* a reasonable, conservative default for device-cmyk */
@color-profile device-cmyk {
  src: url('https://drafts.csswg.org/css-color-4/ICCprofiles/Coated_Fogra39L_VIGC_300.icc');
}

14. Security Considerations

This specification adds to CSS the on-demand downloading of ICC profiles. These do not contain executable code, and thus do not constitute an increased security risk.

15. Privacy Considerations

No new privacy considerations have been reported on this specification.

16. Accessibility Considerations

This specification adds a way to ensure adequate contrast for text whose background is a user-specified color, including dynamic colors.

17. Changes

17.1. Since the Working Draft of 29 February 2024

17.2. Since the Working Draft of 28 June 2022

17.3. Since the Working Draft of 28 April 2022

17.4. Since the Working Draft of 15 December 2021

17.5. Since the Working Draft of 1 June 2021

17.6. Since the FPWD of 10 June 2020

17.7. Changes from CSS Color 4

One major change, compared to CSS Color 4, is that CSS colors are no longer restricted to predefined RGB spaces such as sRGB or display-p3.

To support this, several brand new features have been added:

  1. The color() function is extended by the @color-profile at-rule, for profiled device-dependent color, including calibrated CMYK.
  2. device-cmyk() function, for specifying uncalibrated colors in an output-device-specific CMYK color space.

In addition the new color-mix() function allows two colors to be mixed, in a specified color space, to yield a new color.

Conformance

Document conventions

Conformance requirements are expressed with a combination of descriptive assertions and RFC 2119 terminology. The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in the normative parts of this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. However, for readability, these words do not appear in all uppercase letters in this specification.

All of the text of this specification is normative except sections explicitly marked as non-normative, examples, and notes. [RFC2119]

Examples in this specification are introduced with the words “for example” or are set apart from the normative text with class="example", like this:

This is an example of an informative example.

Informative notes begin with the word “Note” and are set apart from the normative text with class="note", like this:

Note, this is an informative note.

Advisements are normative sections styled to evoke special attention and are set apart from other normative text with <strong class="advisement">, like this: UAs MUST provide an accessible alternative.

Tests

Tests relating to the content of this specification may be documented in “Tests” blocks like this one. Any such block is non-normative.

Conformance classes

Conformance to this specification is defined for three conformance classes:

style sheet
A CSS style sheet.
renderer
A UA that interprets the semantics of a style sheet and renders documents that use them.
authoring tool
A UA that writes a style sheet.

A style sheet is conformant to this specification if all of its statements that use syntax defined in this module are valid according to the generic CSS grammar and the individual grammars of each feature defined in this module.

A renderer is conformant to this specification if, in addition to interpreting the style sheet as defined by the appropriate specifications, it supports all the features defined by this specification by parsing them correctly and rendering the document accordingly. However, the inability of a UA to correctly render a document due to limitations of the device does not make the UA non-conformant. (For example, a UA is not required to render color on a monochrome monitor.)

An authoring tool is conformant to this specification if it writes style sheets that are syntactically correct according to the generic CSS grammar and the individual grammars of each feature in this module, and meet all other conformance requirements of style sheets as described in this module.

Partial implementations

So that authors can exploit the forward-compatible parsing rules to assign fallback values, CSS renderers must treat as invalid (and ignore as appropriate) any at-rules, properties, property values, keywords, and other syntactic constructs for which they have no usable level of support. In particular, user agents must not selectively ignore unsupported component values and honor supported values in a single multi-value property declaration: if any value is considered invalid (as unsupported values must be), CSS requires that the entire declaration be ignored.

Implementations of Unstable and Proprietary Features

To avoid clashes with future stable CSS features, the CSSWG recommends following best practices for the implementation of unstable features and proprietary extensions to CSS.

Non-experimental implementations

Once a specification reaches the Candidate Recommendation stage, non-experimental implementations are possible, and implementors should release an unprefixed implementation of any CR-level feature they can demonstrate to be correctly implemented according to spec.

To establish and maintain the interoperability of CSS across implementations, the CSS Working Group requests that non-experimental CSS renderers submit an implementation report (and, if necessary, the testcases used for that implementation report) to the W3C before releasing an unprefixed implementation of any CSS features. Testcases submitted to W3C are subject to review and correction by the CSS Working Group.

Further information on submitting testcases and implementation reports can be found from on the CSS Working Group’s website at http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Test/. Questions should be directed to the public-css-testsuite@w3.org mailing list.

Index

Terms defined by this specification

Terms defined by reference

References

Normative References

[CSS-CASCADE-5]
Elika Etemad; Miriam Suzanne; Tab Atkins Jr.. CSS Cascading and Inheritance Level 5. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-cascade-5/
[CSS-COLOR-4]
Chris Lilley; Tab Atkins Jr.; Lea Verou. CSS Color Module Level 4. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-color-4/
[CSS-COLOR-ADJUST-1]
Elika Etemad; et al. CSS Color Adjustment Module Level 1. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-color-adjust-1/
[CSS-SYNTAX-3]
Tab Atkins Jr.; Simon Sapin. CSS Syntax Module Level 3. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-syntax/
[CSS-VALUES-4]
Tab Atkins Jr.; Elika Etemad. CSS Values and Units Module Level 4. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/
[CSSOM-1]
Daniel Glazman; Emilio Cobos Álvarez. CSS Object Model (CSSOM). URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/
[FETCH]
Anne van Kesteren. Fetch Standard. Living Standard. URL: https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/
[ICC]
ICC.1:2022 (Profile version 4.4.0.0). May 2022. URL: http://www.color.org/specification/ICC.1-2022-05.pdf
[INFRA]
Anne van Kesteren; Domenic Denicola. Infra Standard. Living Standard. URL: https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/
[RFC2119]
S. Bradner. Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels. March 1997. Best Current Practice. URL: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2119
[WEBIDL]
Edgar Chen; Timothy Gu. Web IDL Standard. Living Standard. URL: https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/

Informative References

[FOGRA39]
ISO 12647-2:2004 / Amd 1, Offset commercial and specialty printing according to ISO 12647-2, paper type 1 or 2 (gloss or matte coated offset, 115 g/m²), screen frequency 60/cm. 2006. URL: https://www.color.org/chardata/FOGRA39.xalter
[FOGRA51]
ISO 12647-2:2013, Process control for the production of half-tone colour separations, proof and production printsPart 2: Offset lithographic processes, PS 1, premium coated, 115 g/m², moderate substrate fluorescence. 2015. URL: https://www.color.org/chardata/fogra51.xalter
[FOGRA55]
CMYKOGV-based gamut exchange space. 2021. URL: https://fogra.org/en/research/prepress-technology/multiprimary-printing-13003

Property Index

No properties defined.

@color-profile Descriptors

Name Value Initial
components <ident># n/a
rendering-intent relative-colorimetric | absolute-colorimetric | perceptual | saturation relative-colorimetric
src <url> n/a

IDL Index

[Exposed=Window]
interface CSSColorProfileRule : CSSRule {
  readonly attribute CSSOMString name ;
  readonly attribute CSSOMString src ;
  readonly attribute CSSOMString renderingIntent ;
  readonly attribute CSSOMString components ;
};
✔MDN

color_value/color-mix

In all current engines.

Firefox113+Safari16.2+Chrome111+
Opera?Edge111+
Edge (Legacy)?IENone
Firefox for Android?iOS Safari?Chrome for Android?Android WebView?Samsung Internet?Opera Mobile?