CSS Grid Layout Module Level 3

1. Introduction

This section is not normative.

Grid Layout is a layout model for CSS that has powerful abilities to control the sizing and positioning of boxes and their contents. Grid Layout is optimized for 2-dimensional layouts: those in which alignment of content is desired in both dimensions.

Although many layouts can be expressed with regular Grid Layout, restricting items into a grid in both axes also makes it impossible to express some common layouts on the Web.

This module defines a layout system that removes that restriction so that items can be placed into Grid-like tracks in just one of the axes, while stacking them one after another in the other axis. Items are placed into the column (or row) with the most remaining space based on the layout size of the items placed so far. This module also extends CSS Grid with this new grid item placement strategy and CSS Box Alignment with new alignment features.

1.1. Background and Motivation

1.1.1. Waterfall Layout with Auto-placed Items

Masonry layout, sometimes also called “waterfall layout”, is a common Web design pattern where a number of items—​commonly images or short article summaries—​are placed one by one into columns in a way that loosely resembles stone masonry. Unlike multi-column layout, where content is placed vertically in the first column until it must spills over to the second column, masonry layout selects a column for each new item such that it is generally closer to the top of the layout than items placed later.

The Pinterest search results page exemplifies this layout:

Here, each item has a different height (depending on the content and the width of the column), and inspecting the DOM reveals (as the visual content itself gives no indication of ordering) that each item has been placed into the column with the smallest height so far.

This layout superficially looks similar to multi-column layout; but it has the advantage that scrolling down will naturally lead to "later" items in the layout (that is, those less relevant in the search results).

It’s not possible to achieve this layout using earlier CSS layout models, unless you know up-front how tall each item will be, or use JavaScript for content measurement or placement.

Using a masonry container together with auto-positioned items yields this type of masonry layout.

1.1.2. One-dimensional Grid Layout

Grid layout allows for powerful track sizing and explicit placement in two axes, but sometimes a layout only needs alignment of its items in one dimension.

Using a masonry container together with explicitly-positioned items allows for this type of one-dimensional grid layout.

This example by Douglas Graham uses explicit positioning to place each item into its assigned column; but there are no rows. Instead, items in each column stack one after the other. This layout can’t be duplicated in grid layout because the “spanning” relationships among the items in adjacent columns is not fixed: it depends on their relative heights and whether the optional banner or advertisement items are included. It also can’t be duplicated in flex layout because the source order of the items (which is used for reading, sequential navigation, and one-column mobile phone layout) goes back and forth between the two columns.

1.2. Alternative Syntax Proposals

1.3. Value Definitions

This specification follows the CSS property definition conventions from [CSS2] using the value definition syntax from [CSS-VALUES-3]. Value types not defined in this specification are defined in CSS Values & Units [CSS-VALUES-3]. Combination with other CSS modules may expand the definitions of these value types.

In addition to the property-specific values listed in their definitions, all properties defined in this specification also accept the CSS-wide keywords as their property value. For readability they have not been repeated explicitly.

2. Masonry Layout Model

Masonry layout lays out items into pre-defined tracks similar to grid layout in one axis (called the grid axis), but flows them freely similar to flex layout in the other (called the stacking axis). Similar to grid layout and unlike flex layout, masonry layout’s auto-placement distributes items across the tracks to keep the lengths of those tracks as similar as possible.

Grid items are formed and blockified exactly the same as in a regular grid container.

(For clarity, grid items and grid tracks of a masonry container can be referred to as masonry items and masonry tracks.)

All CSS properties work the same as in a regular grid container unless otherwise specified by this specification. For example, order can be used to specify a different layout order for the items.

Note: Subgrid items are supported, but subgridding only occurs in the grid axis; see § 3.3 Subgrids for details.

A masonry container is a box whose contents participate in masonry layout. A masonry container is a column masonry container if its stacking axis is the block axis, or a row masonry container if its stacking axis is the inline axis.

Establishing Masonry Containers

	Grid-integrated Syntax	Grid-independent Syntax	Description
Column Masonry	display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 2fr 3fr; grid-template-rows: masonry;	display: masonry; masonry-tracks: 1fr 2fr 3fr; masonry-direction: column;
Row Masonry	display: grid; grid-template-rows: 1fr 2fr 3fr; grid-template-columns: masonry;	display: masonry; masonry-tracks: 1fr 2fr 3fr; masonry-direction: row;

2.1. Reordering and Accessibility

Although masonry layout generally progresses in a forwards fashion (placing the next item down or endward of the current item, matching the natural "reading order"), it can switch between these two in a seemingly arbitrary manner. In simple cases, the masonry-slack property can help reduce the feeling of backtracking due to small sizing differences in the block axis when laying out auto-placed items. But when auto-placement is mixed with explicit placement or spanning items, some amount of backtracking may occur.

For example, in the following markup sample, the fourth item is a spanner that doesn’t fit in the remaining empty column on the first line. It ends up positioned into the into the first column, which is the highest available space into which it will fit. The next few items, which have a span of 1, end up laying out “above” it in the empty column, violating the natural reading order.

<section class=masonry>
  <div class=item>1</div>
  <div class=item>2</div>
  <div class="item tall">3</div>
  <div class="item wide">4</div>
  <div class=item>5</div>
  <div class=item>6/div>
  <div class=item>7</div>
</section>
<style>
.masonry {
  display: masonry;
  masonry-tracks: repeat(5, auto);
}
.item { height: 50px; }
.item.wide { masonry-track: span 3; }
.item.tall { height: 90px; }
</style>

Similarly, items explicitly placed into specific tracks can leave gaps behind them, into which subsequent auto-placed items can be placed visually out-of-order.

Authors should be aware of these possibilities and design layouts where such backtracking is minimized so that focus and reading order can be more easily followed. Alternatively, if the items do not have an inherent order, use the reading-flow property to allow the UA to re-order the items for reading and linear navigation.

Or should reordering be the default behavior for auto-placed items here?

As with grid layout and flex layout authors can use the order property to re-order items; the same caveats apply. See CSS Grid Layout 2 § 4 Reordering and Accessibility and CSS Flexbox 1 § 5.4.1 Reordering and Accessibility.

3. Masonry Track Specification

In the grid axis, the full power of grid layout is available for track specification:

• Track sizes, line names, and areas can be specified on the masonry container’s grid axis, just like in grid layout.

• The explicit grid and implicit grid are formed in the same way as for a regular grid container.

• Items can be placed against these grid templates just as in grid layout.

However, auto-placed items contribute sizing to all tracks, not just the track into which they are ultimately placed; see § 3.5 Grid Axis Track Sizing.

Note: This is because auto-placed items must be laid out as they are placed, so that each track knows how “full” it is (and therefore which track should receive the next auto-placed item); thus, the tracks themselves must already have a definite size so that the items know their available space during layout.

<masonry-auto-track-list> = [ <line-names>? [ <track-size> | <track-repeat> ] ]*
                            <line-names>? <auto-repeat> <line-names>?
                            [ [ <track-size> | <track-repeat> ] <line-names>? ]*

3.3. Subgrids

Subgridding allows nested masonry containers (and grid containers) to share track sizes. If the parent’s corresponding axis is a grid axis, the subgridded axis is taken from the parent container as specified for grid containers; if the parent’s corresponding axis is a stacking axis...

Grid-independent Syntax: ...the subgridded axis acts like none.

In masonry layout, auto-placed subgrids don’t inherit any line names from their parent grid, because that would make the placement of the item dependent on layout results; but the subgrid’s tracks are still aligned to the parent’s tracks as usual.

Here’s a subgrid example:

<style>
.grid {
  display: inline-grid;
  grid: auto auto 100px / masonry;
  align-content: center;
  height: 300px;
  border: 1px solid;
}

.grid > * {
  margin: 5px;
  background: silver;
}
.grid > :nth-child(2n) {
  background: pink;
}

.grid subgrid {
  display: grid;
  grid: subgrid / subgrid;
  grid-row: 2 / span 2;
  grid-gap: 30px;
}
.grid subgrid > * { background: cyan; }
</style>

<div class="grid">
  <item>1</item>
  <item>2</item>
  <item>3</item>
  <subgrid>
    <item style="height:100px">subgrid.1</item>
    <item>sub.2</item>
    <item>s.3</item>
  </subgrid>
  <item>4</item>
  <item>5</item>
  <item style="width: 80px">6</item>
  <item>7</item>
</div>

Note how the subgrid’s first item ("subgrid.1") contributes to the intrinsic size of the 2nd row in the parent grid. This is possible since the subgrid specified a definite position so we know which tracks it will occupy. Note also that trying to subgrid the parent’s stacking axis results in the subgrid getting masonry layout in its inline axis.

A subgrid that is a masonry container can be referred to as a submasonry.

3.4. Track Repetition: the repeat() notation

This specification introduces new keywords and masonry-specific behavior for the repeat() notation.

3.4.1. repeat(auto-areas)

The new auto-areas value for the repeat() notation represents the number of repetitions necessary for the total number of explicit tracks to match the grid-template-areas / masonry-template-areas value in effect in the corresponding axis. If multiple tracks are listed for the repetition, the final repetition is truncated as necessary to produce the correct number of tracks.

Note: Unlike auto-fit—​which always repeats at least once and always repeats the track listing entirely—​the number of repetitions for auto-areas can be zero (if there are already enough explicit tracks), and the final repetition can be partial.

If grid-template-areas / masonry-template-areas is none, this value behaves as auto-fit.

Note: This value applies both to regular grid containers and to masonry containers.

It’s unclear if we actually need this value. Note that the explicit grid already takes values from grid-auto-columns/grid-auto-rows/masonry-auto-tracks as needed to match the number of template areas. [Issue #10854]

3.4.2. repeat(auto-fit)

In masonry containers (as in regular grid containers) auto-fit acts like auto-fill, but with empty tracks collapsed. However, because placement occurs after track sizing, masonry containers use a heuristic to determine if a track will be occupied:

• All tracks occupied by explicitly placed items are considered occupied.

• With the sum of the spans of all auto-placed items as N, all unoccupied tracks up to the Nth such track are considered occupied.

All tracks produced by the auto-fit repetition and considered unoccupied by this heuristic are assumed “empty” and are collapsed. A collapsed track cannot accept placement of auto-placed items.

Note: It is possible for an auto-placed item to be placed in a track when auto-fill is used that would be collapsed if auto-fit is used if there are auto-placed items with a span greater than 1 mixed with explicitly-placed items that leave gaps too small for the auto-placed items.

3.5. Grid Axis Track Sizing

Track sizing works the same as in CSS Grid, except that when considering which items contribute to intrinsic sizes:

• All items explicitly placed in that track contribute, and

• All items with an automatic grid position contribute (regardless of whether they are ultimately placed in that track).

In the case of spanning items with an automatic grid position, they are assumed to be placed at every possible start position, and contribute accordingly.

Note: This algorithm ensures that each track is at least big enough to accommodate every item that is ultimately placed in it, and does not create dependency cycles between placement and track sizing. However, depending on the variation in sizes, tracks could be larger than necessary: an exact fit is only guaranteed if all items are explicitly placed in the grid axis or all items are the same size (or matching multiples of that size, in the case of spanning items).

3.5.1. Subgrid Item Contributions

When sizing the tracks of either a regular grid container or a masonry container, a submasonry has special handling of items that have an automatic grid position:

• Any such item is placed into every possible grid track that could be spanned by the submasonry. (If the submasonry has a definite grid position, thus only the spanned tracks; if it has an automatic grid position, then all tracks in the parent grid.)

• Any such item receives the largest margin/border/padding contribution of each edge at which it could hypothetically be placed. If the item spans the entire subgrid, it receives both. (See CSS Grid Layout §9.)

3.5.2. Optimized Track Sizing

Track sizing can be optimized by aggregating items that have the same span size and placement into a single virtual item as follows:

1. Separate all the masonry items into item groups, according to the following properties:

   • the span of the item

   • the placement of the item, i.e. which tracks it is allowed to be placed in

   • the item’s baseline-sharing group

   Note: For example, an item with span 2 placed in the second track will be in a different group than an item with span 2 that has an automatic grid position.

2. For each item group, synthesize a virtual masonry item that has the maximum of every intrinsic size contribution among the items in that group.

   If the items apply baseline alignment, determine the baselines of the virtual masonry item by placing all of its items into a single hypothetical grid track and finding their shared baseline(s) and shims. Increase the group’s intrinsic size contributions accordingly.

3. Place hypothetical copies of each virtual masonry item into the grid axis tracks in every position that the item could potentially occupy, and run the track sizing algorithm with those items. The resulting track sizes are the masonry container’s track sizes.

Note: This optimization should give the same results as the track sizing description above; if not this is an error, please report it to the CSSWG.

4. Masonry Placement

In the grid axis, items can be explicitly placed into tracks and span them using the familiar grid-placement properties’ syntax. Auto-placement, however, uses the § 4.4 Masonry Layout and Placement Algorithm, placing each item with an automatic grid position into the “shortest” masonry track available.

Here’s a masonry layout example demonstrating placed and spanning items:

Need a better example!!!

4.3. Placement Precision: the masonry-slack property

Masonry containers are filled by placing each masonry item in whichever masonry track is currently the least filled. When multiple tracks are tied for least-filled, placing the items in order looks good. But if tracks are only very slightly different heights, it can look strange to have them not fill in order, as the height differences aren’t perceived as meaningfully different.

The masonry-slack property specifies what the threshold is for considering tracks to be “the same height”, causing them to fill in order.

<length-percentage>

Specifies the tie threshold for the masonry container. Placement positions are considered to be equally good (“tied”) if they are within the specified distance from the shortest position.

Note: The initial value is a “small” distance (1em) that is probably appropriate to represent “close enough”.

infinite

Specifies an infinite tie threshold. This makes items distribute themselves strictly in order, without considering the length of the tracks at all.

Note: This value can result in consecutive items being placed in dramatically different positions in the stacking axis, which can be confusing to readers. If the initial value (`1em`) is too small, consider a larger value (such as `10em` or `50vh`) instead of `infinite`.

Is 1em the right default?

4.4. Masonry Layout and Placement Algorithm

For each of the tracks in the grid axis, keep a running position initialized to zero. Maintain also a auto-placement cursor, initially pointing to the first line.

For each item in order-modified document order:

1. If the item has a definite grid position in the grid axis, use that placement.

   Should this also update the placement cursor?

   Otherwise, resolve its grid axis placement using these substeps:

   1. Starting at the first grid axis line in the implicit grid, find the largest running position of the grid axis tracks that the item would span if it were placed at this line, and call this position max_pos.
   2. Repeat the previous step for each successive line number until the item would no longer fit inside the grid.
   3. Let possible lines be the line that resulted in the smallest max_pos, and all lines that result in a max_pos within the tie threshold of this max_pos.
   4. Choose the first line in possible lines greater than or equal to the auto-placement cursor as the item’s position in the grid axis; or if there are none such, choose the first one.
   5. Update the auto-placement cursor to point to item’s last line.
2. Place the item in its grid axis tracks at the maximum of the running positions of the tracks it spans.
3. Calculate the size of the item’s containing block and then layout the item. Set the running position of the spanned grid axis tracks to max_pos + outer size + grid-gap.

Note: This algorithm chooses the track that would result in the item being placed as highly as possible. If there are ties, it chooses the earliest such track, after the most recently placed item if possible (ensuring that it always “moves forward” even in the presence of ties).

If placing items in reverse order (see grid-auto-flow/masonry-flow), the algorithm is analogous but in reverse order.

4.4.1. Containing Block

The containing block for a grid item participating in masonry layout is formed by its grid area in the grid axis and the grid container's content box in the stacking axis.

4.4.2. Placement and Writing Modes

Note: Like all of grid layout, masonry layout and placement is sensitive to the writing mode. For example, for direction: rtl, items are placed right-to-left rather than left-to-right, whether the inline axis is a grid axis or a stacking axis.

Here’s a simple example using direction: rtl in the grid axis:

<style>
  .grid {
    display: inline-grid;
    direction: rtl;
    grid: masonry / repeat(4, 2ch);
    border: 1px solid;
  }

  item { background: silver }
  item:nth-child(2n+1) {
    background: pink;
    height: 4em;
  }
  </style>

<div class="grid">
  <item>1</item>
  <item style="grid-column:span 2">2</item>
  <item>3</item>
  <item>4</item>
</div>

Here’s a simple example using direction: rtl in the stacking axis:

<style>
.grid {
  display: inline-grid;
  direction: rtl;
  width: 10ch;
  column-gap: 1ch;
  grid: repeat(4, 2em) / masonry;
  border: 1px solid;
}

item { background: silver }
item:nth-child(2n+1) {
  background: pink;
  width: 4ch;
}
</style>

<div class="grid">
  <item>1</item>
  <item style="grid-row:span 2">2</item>
  <item>3</item>
  <item>4</item>
</div>

5. Sizing Grid Containers

Sizing Grid Containers works the same as for regular grid containers but with the following addendum for the stacking axis: The max-content size (min-content size) of a grid container in the stacking axis is the size of the masonry box in that axis when sized under a max-content constraint (min-content constraint).

Here’s a simple example:

<style>
.grid {
  display: inline-grid;
  grid: masonry / 50px 100px auto;
  grid-gap: 10px;
  border: 1px solid;
}
item { background: silver; margin: 5px; }
</style>

<div class="grid">
  <item style="border:10px solid">1</item>
  <item>2</item>
  <item>3</item>
  <item style="height:50px">4</item>
  <item>5</item>
  <item>6</item>
</div>

6. Alignment and Spacing

Gutters are supported in both axes. In the stacking axis, the gap is applied between the margin boxes of each pair of adjacent items. Margins do not collapse in either axis.

In the grid axis, alignment works the same as in a regular grid container.

In the stacking axis, content-distribution is applied to the content as a whole, similarly to how it behaves in block containers. More specifically, the alignment subject is the masonry box, which is the smallest rectangle bounding the margin boxes of all the grid items.

Note: There is only ever one alignment subject for these properties in the stacking axis, so the unique align-content / justify-content values boil down to start, center, end, and baseline alignment. (The behavior of normal and stretch is identical to start, and the distributed alignment values behave as their fallback alignments.) If the grid items overflow the grid container's content box in the stacking axis, then the masonry box will be larger than the grid container's content box.

Should alignment in the stacking axis do something more sophisticated? What should that be?

6.1. Baseline Alignment in the stacking axis

Item baseline alignment inside the grid axis tracks works as usual for a regular grid container, and the grid container's baseline is determined the same as for a regular grid container in that axis.

Baseline alignment is not supported in the stacking axis. The first baseline set of the grid container in this axis is generated from the alignment baseline of the first grid item in the first occupied track, and the last baseline set from the last grid item placed.

We could support baseline alignment in the first row. Do we want to?

Should the last baseline come from the last lowest item placed instead?

7. Fragmentation

7.1. Fragmentation in the stacking axis

Each grid axis track is fragmented independently in the stacking axis. If a grid item is fragmented, or has a forced break before/after it, then the running position for the tracks that it spans in the grid axis are set to the size of the fragmentainer so that no further items will be placed in those tracks. An item that is split into multiple fragments retains its placement in the grid axis for all its fragments. A grid item that is pushed, however, is placed again by the next grid container fragment. Placement continues until all items are placed or pushed to a new fragment.

7.2. Fragmentation in the Grid Axis

Fragmentation in the grid axis with masonry layout in the other axis is also supported. In this case the fragmentation behaves more like in a regular grid container; however, there’s a separate step to determine which grid-axis track each item is placed into, before fragmentation occurs.

8. Absolute Positioning

Grid-aligned absolute-positioned descendants are supported in masonry containers just as for regular grid containers; however, in the stacking axis there exist only two lines (in addition to the auto lines) for placement:

• line 1 (line -2) corresponds to the start edge of the masonry box

• line 2 (line -1) corresponds to the end edge of the masonry box

It might be useful to define a static position in the stacking axis. Maybe it could defined as the max (or min?) current running position of the grid-axis tracks at that point? Or the end of the item before it?

9. Graceful Degradation

Typically, a masonry design can be expected to degrade quite nicely in a UA that supports Grid layout but not masonry layout if the grid/grid-template shorthands are avoided and the longhands are used instead. e.g.

grid-template-rows: masonry; /* ignored by UAs that don't support it */
grid-template-columns: 150px 100px 50px;

10. Acknowledgements

Thanks goes to Cameron McCormack who wrote a masonry layout explainer document (from which was lifted the Background chapter) and presented it to the CSSWG, and to Mats Palmgren who developed the original version of this specification. Thanks also to everyone who provided feedback on the initial proposal for this feature.

11. Security Considerations

As a layout specification, this spec introduces no new security considerations beyond that exposed by CSS layout in general.

12. Privacy Considerations

As a layout specification, this spec introduces no new privacy considerations beyond that exposed by CSS layout in general.

Changes

Additions Since Level 2

The following features have been added since Level 2:

• Added masonry layout.
• Added *-reverse keywords to grid-auto-flow.

Recent Changes

The following changes have been made since the First Public Working Draft:

• Drafted ability to mix auto-fill/auto-fit repeat() values with content-based track sizes in the grid-independent option and made it the initial behavior masonry-template-tracks. (Issues 10915, and 10869)

• Added masonry-slack: infinite. (Issue 10883)

• Minor corrections, updated acknowledgements, and added an example.