Developers share a common problem: they want a simple, but extensible way to create an API for a web service that gets the job done, doesn't design them into a corner, and allows developers to easily interact with their service without reinventing the wheel. JSON-LD [[JSON-LD]] has become an important solution, as it bridges the gap between formally data and more colloquial JSON interfaces used in APIs from numerous providers. This guide attempts to define certain best practices for publishing data using JSON-LD, and interacting with such services.
This unofficial document has been developed by the JSON-LD Working Group.
This document describes best practices for generating JSON-LD. Where normative language is used, it should be considered advisory.
Coming up with a data format for your API is a common problem. It can be hard to choose between different data representations, what names you want to pick, and even harder if you want to leave room for extensibility. How do you make all these decisions? How do you make your API easy to use so people can use short strings to reference common things, but URLs to enable people to come up with their own so it isn't limiting? How can you make it easy for other people to add their own data in and make it interoperable? How do you consume data from other similar apps? There are technologies that can help you do this. Now, it isn't perfect – sometimes it won't solve your problem, but it could maybe solve a lot of them.
The use of JSON on the web has grown immensely in the last decade, particularly with the explosion of APIs that eschew XML in favor of what is considered to be a more developer friendly format which is directly compatible with JavaScript. As a result, different sites have chosen their own proprietary representations for interacting with their sites, sometimes described using frameworks such as [[swagger]] which imply a particular URI composition for interacting with their services. This practice leads to vendor-specific semantic silos, where the meaning of a particular JSON document makes sense only by programming directly to the API documentation for a given service.
show examples from GitHub, Twitter, …?
As services grow they often introduce incompatible changes leading to a Version 2 or Version 3 of their API requiring developers to update client code to properly handle JSON documents. In many cases, even small changes can lead to incompatibilities. Additionally, composing information from multiple APIs becomes problematic, due to namespace or document format conventions that may differ between API endpoints. Moreover, the same principles are often repeated across different endpoints using arbitrary identifiers (name, email, website, etc.); the community needs to learn to stop repeating itself (DRY concept) and reuse common conventions, although this does not necessarily have to mean using exactly the same identifiers within the JSON itself (see JSON-LD Context).
This Note proposes to outline a number of best practices for API designers or JSON developers based on the principles of separation of data model from syntax, the use of discoverable identifiers describing document contents, and general organizing principles that allow documents to be machine understandable (read, interpreted as JSON-LD using Linked Data, RDF and RDFS vocabulary, and data model principles).
Key among these is the notion of vocabulary re-use, so that each endpoint does not need to separately describe the properties and structure of their JSON documents. Schema.org provides a great example of doing this, and includes an extension mechanism that may already be familiar to API designers.
JSON-LD is JSON, and good JSON-LD is first and foremost good JSON. Since it is also Linked Data, developers and especially data publishers may find further useful advice at Data on the Web Best Practices [[dwbp]] and Best Practices for Publishing Linked Data [[ld-bp]].
Publish data using developer friendly JSON JSON [[json]] is the most popular format for publishing data through APIs; developers like it, it is easy to parse, and it is supported natively in most programming languages.
For example, the following is reasonably idiomatic JSON which can also be interpreted as JSON-LD, given the appropriate context.
{
"name": "Barack Obama",
"givenName": "Barack",
"familyName": "Obama",
"jobTitle": "44th President of the United States"
}
Use a top-level object JSON documents may be in the form of a object, or an array of objects. For most purposes, developers need a single entry point, so the JSON SHOULD be in the form of a single top-level object.
Use native values When possible, property values SHOULD use native JSON datatypes such as numbers (integer, decimal and floating point) and booleans (`true` and `false`).
JSON has a single numeric type, so using native representation of numbers can lose precision.
Assume arrays are unordered JSON specifies that the values in an array are ordered, however in many cases arrays are also used for values which are unordered. Unless specified within the JSON-LD Context, multiple array values SHOULD be presumed to be unordered. (See Lists and Sets in [[JSON-LD]]).
Use well-known identifiers when describing data By sticking to basic JSON data expression, and providing a JSON-LD Context, all keys used within a JSON document can have unambiguous meaning, as they bind to URLs which describe their meaning.
By adding an `@context` entry, the previous example can now be interpreted as JSON-LD.
{
****"@context": "http://schema.org"****,
"name": "Barack Obama",
"givenName": "Barack",
"familyName": "Obama",
"jobTitle": "44th President of the United States"
}
When expanding such a data representation, a JSON-LD processor replaces these terms with the URIs they expand to (as well as making property values unambiguous):
[
{
"http://schema.org/familyName": [{"@value": "Obama"}],
"http://schema.org/givenName": [{"@value": "Barack"}],
"http://schema.org/jobTitle": [{"@value": "44th President of the United States"}],
"http://schema.org/name": [{"@value": "Barack Obama"}]
}
]
Expanded form is not useful as is, but is necessary for performing further algorithmic transformations of JSON-LD data and is useful when validating that JSON-LD entity descriptions say what the publisher means.
Provide one or more types for JSON objects Principles of Linked Data dictate that messages SHOULD be self describing, which includes adding a `type` to such messages.
Many APIs use JSON messages where the type of information being conveyed is inferred from the retrieval endpoint. For example, when retrieving information about a Github Commit, you might see the following response:
{
"sha": "7638417db6d59f3c431d3e1f261cc637155684cd",
"url": "https://api.github.com/repos/octocat/Hello-World/git/commits/7638417db6d59f3c431d3e1f261cc637155684cd",
"author": {
"date": "2014-11-07T22:01:45Z",
"name": "Scott Chacon",
"email": "schacon@gmail.com"
},
"committer": {
"date": "2014-11-07T22:01:45Z",
"name": "Scott Chacon",
"email": "schacon@gmail.com"
},
"message": "added readme, because im a good github citizen\n",
"tree": {
"url": "https://api.github.com/repos/octocat/Hello-World/git/trees/691272480426f78a0138979dd3ce63b77f706feb",
"sha": "691272480426f78a0138979dd3ce63b77f706feb"
},
"parents": [
{
"url": "https://api.github.com/repos/octocat/Hello-World/git/commits/1acc419d4d6a9ce985db7be48c6349a0475975b5",
"sha": "1acc419d4d6a9ce985db7be48c6349a0475975b5"
}
]
}
The only way to know this is a commit s to infer it based on the published API documentation, and the fact that it was returned from an endpoint defined for retrieving information about commits.
{
"@context": "http://schema.org",
"id": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q76",
****"type": "Person"****,
"name": "Barack Obama",
"givenName": "Barack",
"familyName": "Obama",
"jobTitle": "44th President of the United States"
}
Identify objects with a unique identifier Entities described in JSON objects often describe web resources having a URL; entity descriptions SHOULD use an identifier uniquely identifying that entity. In this case, using the resource location as the identity of the object is consistent with this practice.
Adding an `id` entry (an alias for `@id`) allows the same person to be referred to from different locations.
{
"@context": "http://schema.org",
****"id": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q76"****,
"type": "Person",
"name": "Barack Obama",
"givenName": "Barack",
"familyName": "Obama",
"jobTitle": "44th President of the United States"
}
There can be ambiguity if an identifier describes the entity description, or directly represents that entity itself. As an example, Barack Obama may have a Wikidata entry `http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q76`, but it would be a mistake to say that `http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q76` is Barack Obama. However, it is common to use this pattern, particularly if the type of the entity describes a Person, rather than a WebPage.
Things not strings When describing attributes, entity references SHOULD be used instead of string literals.
In some cases, when describing an attribute of an entity, it is tempting to using string values which have no independent meaning. Such values are often used for well known things. A JSON-LD context can define a term for such values, which allow them to appear as strings within the message, but be associated with specific identifiers. In this case, the property must be defined with type `@vocab` so that values will be interpreted relative to a vocabulary rather than the file location.
{
"@context": ["http://schema.org", ****{
"gender": {"@id": "schema:gender", "@type": "@vocab"}
}****],
"id": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q76",
"type": "Person",
"name": "Barack Obama",
"givenName": "Barack",
"familyName": "Obama",
"jobTitle": "44th President of the United States",
****"gender": "Male"****
}
Nest referenced inline objects When multiple related entity descriptions are provided inline, related entities SHOULD be nested.
For example, when relating one entity to another, where the related entity is described in the same message:
{
"@context": "http://schema.org",
"id": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q76",
"type": "Person",
"name": "Barack Obama",
"givenName": "Barack",
"familyName": "Obama",
"jobTitle": "44th President of the United States",
****"spouse": {
"id": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q13133",
"type": "Person",
"name": "Michelle Obama",
"spouse": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q76"
}****
}
In this example, the `spouse` relationship is bi-directional, we have arbitrarily rooted the message with Barack Obama, and created a symmetric relationship from Michelle back to Barack by reference, rather than by nesting.
When describing an inverse relationship, use a referenced property FIXME
External references SHOULD use typed term When using a property intended to reference another entity, properties SHOULD be defined to type string values as being references.
For example, the `schema:image` property a `Thing` to an `Image`:
{
"@context": "http://schema.org",
"id": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q76",
"type": "Person",
"name": "Barack Obama",
"givenName": "Barack",
"familyName": "Obama",
"jobTitle": "44th President of the United States",
****"image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama.jpg"****
}
This will be interpreted as a reference, rather than a string literal, because (at the time of publication), the schema.org JSON-LD Context defines `image` to be of type `@id`:
{
"@context": {
####...####
"image": { "@id": "schema:image", ****"@type": "@id"****}####,
...####
}
}
If not defined as such in a remote context, terms may be (re-) defined in a local context:
{
"@context": ["http://schema.org", ****{
"image": { "@id": "schema:image", "@type": "@id"}
}****],
"id": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q76",
"type": "Person",
"name": "Barack Obama",
"givenName": "Barack",
"familyName": "Obama",
"jobTitle": "44th President of the United States",
"image": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama.jpg"
}
Ordering of array elements Unless specifically described ordered as an `@list`, do not depend on the order of elements in an array.
By default, arrays in JSON-LD do not convey any ordering of contained elements . However, for the processing of contexts, the ordering of elements in arrays does matter. When writing array-based contexts, this fact should be kept in mind.
Ordered contexts in arrays allow inheritance and overriding of context entries. When processing the following example, the first `name` entry will be overridden by the second `name` entry.
{
"@context": [
{
"id": "@id",
"name": "http://schema.org/name"
},
{
"name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name"
}
],
"@id": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q76",
****"name": "Barack Obama"****
}
Order is important when processing protected terms. While the first example will cause a term redefinition error, the second example will not throw this error.
{
"@context": [
{
"@version": 1.1,
"name": {
"@id": "http://schema.org/name",
"@protected": true
}
},
{
"name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name"
}
],
"@id": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q76",
****"name": "Barack Obama"****
}
{
"@context": [
{
"name": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name"
},
{
"@version": 1.1,
"Person": "http://schema.org/Person",
"knows": "http://schema.org/knows",
"name": {
"@id": "http://schema.org/name",
"@protected": true
}
}
],
"@id": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q76",
****"name": "Barack Obama"****
}
Provide a representation of the entity related by URL When dereferencing an entity related via a URL, the location SHOULD provide a representation of that entity.
This practices replicates that described in [[ld-bp]] Provide at least one machine-readable representation of the resource identified by the URI .
Corollaries to this best practice is that Cool URIs don't change [[cooluris]], meaning that URLs describing entities SHOULD be stable and not depend on variable information. Also, the URL used to identify an entity is the best API endpoint of that entity (see also ).
While most use of JSON-LD SHOULD NOT require a client to change the data representation, JSON-LD does allow the use of various algorithms to re-shape a JSON-LD document. These require the use of the JSON-LD Context, which is typically represented using a link to a remote document. Because it is remote, processing time can be severely impacted by the time it takes to retrieve this context.
Cache JSON-LD Contexts Services providing a JSON-LD Context SHOULD set HTTP cache-control headers to allow liberal caching of such contexts, and clients SHOULD attempt to use a locally cached version of these documents.
Typically, libraries used to process JSON-LD documents should do this for you. (See also [[json-ld-best-practice-caching]]).
Describe schema.org extension using Role sub-class, Hydra collections, and LDP collections.
Focus on schema.org?
Describe the use of schema.org Actions and work in Hydra.
Describe anti-pattern of URI construction emphasizing affordances.
Remember that Cool URIs don't change [cooluris]; correctly modeling data allows changes data representation to be limited.
Describe the use of API keys for controlling API versions, rather than the use of different versioned URLs.