This document describes PNG (Portable Network Graphics), an extensible file format for the lossless, portable, well-compressed storage of static and animated raster images. PNG provides a patent-free replacement for GIF and can also replace many common uses of TIFF. Indexed-color, greyscale, and truecolor images are supported, plus an optional alpha channel. Sample depths range from 1 to 16 bits.
PNG is designed to work well in online viewing applications, such as the World Wide Web, so it is fully streamable with a progressive display option. PNG is robust, providing both full file integrity checking and simple detection of common transmission errors. Also, PNG can store color space data for improved color matching on heterogeneous platforms.
This specification defines two Internet Media Types, image/png and image/apng.
This specification is intended to become an International Standard, but is not yet one. It is inappropriate to refer to this specification as an International Standard.
The design goals for this specification were:
This specification specifies a datastream and an associated file format, Portable Network Graphics (PNG, pronounced "ping"), for a lossless, portable, compressed individual computer graphics image or frame-based animation, transmitted across the Internet.
For the purposes of this specification the following definitions apply.
Chromaticity is a measure of the quality of a color regardless of its luminance.
The foreground image is said to be composited against the background.
SOURCE: [[RFC1951]]
Software causes an image to appear on screen by loading the image into the frame buffer.
0
and 2bit depth -
1
.Luminance and chromaticity together fully define a measured color. See Luminance and Chromaticity or, for a formal definition [[COLORIMETRY]].
0
and
2bit depth - 1
.Only RGB may be used in PNG, ICtCp is NOT supported.
a four-byte unsigned integer limited to the range 0 to 231-1.
The restriction is imposed in order to accommodate languages that have difficulty with unsigned four-byte values.
a two-byte unsigned integer in network byte order.
Standard dynamic range is independent of the primaries and hence, gamut. Wide color gamut SDR formats are supported by PNG.
deflate-style compression method.
SOURCE: [[rfc1950]]
Also refers to the name of a library containing a sample implementation of this method.
type of check value designed to detect most transmission errors.
A decoder calculates the CRC for the received data and checks by comparing it to the CRC calculated by the encoder and appended to the data. A mismatch indicates that the data or the CRC were corrupted in transit.
All PNG images contain a single static image.
Some PNG images — called Animated PNG (APNG) — also contain a frame-based animation sequence, the animated image. The first frame of this may be — but need not be — the static image. Non-animation-capable displays (such as printers) will display the static image rather than the animation sequence.
The static image, and each individual frame of an animated image, corresponds to a reference image and is stored as a PNG image.
This specification specifies the PNG datastream, and places some requirements on PNG encoders, which generate PNG datastreams, PNG decoders, which interpret PNG datastreams, and PNG editors, which transform one PNG datastream into another. It does not specify the interface between an application and either a PNG encoder, decoder, or editor. The precise form in which an image is presented to an encoder or delivered by a decoder is not specified. Four kinds of image are distinguished.
The relationships between the four kinds of image are illustrated in .
The relationships between samples, channels, pixels, and sample depth are illustrated in .
The RGB color space in which color samples are situated may be specified in one of four ways:
For high-end applications the first two methods provides the most flexibility and control. The third method enables one particular, but extremely common, color space to be indicated. The fourth method, which was standardized before ICC profiles were widely adopted, enables the exact chromaticities of the RGB data to be specified, along with the gamma correction to be applied (see ). However, color-aware applications will prefer one of the first three methods, while color-unaware applications will typically ignore all four methods.
is a list of chunk types that provide color space information, each with an associated Priority number. If a single image contains more than one of these chunk types, the chunk with the lowest Priority number should take precedence and any higher-numbered chunk types should be ignored.
Chunk Type | Priority |
---|---|
cICP | 1 |
iCCP | 2 |
sRGB | 3 |
cHRM and gAMA | 4 |
Gamma correction is not applied to the alpha channel, if present. Alpha samples are always full-range and represent a linear fraction of full opacity.
Mastering metadata may also be provided.
A number of transformations are applied to the reference image to create the PNG image to be encoded (see ). The transformations are applied in the following sequence, where square brackets mean the transformation is optional:
[alpha separation] indexing or ( [RGB merging] [alpha compaction] ) sample depth scaling
When every pixel is either fully transparent or fully opaque, the alpha separation, alpha compaction, and indexing transformations can cause the recovered reference image to have an alpha sample depth different from the original reference image, or to have no alpha channel. This has no effect on the degree of opacity of any pixel. The two reference images are considered equivalent, and the transformations are considered lossless. Encoders that nevertheless wish to preserve the alpha sample depth may elect not to perform transformations that would alter the alpha sample depth.
If all alpha samples in a reference image have the maximum value, then the alpha channel may be omitted, resulting in an equivalent image that can be encoded more compactly.
If the number of distinct pixel values is 256 or less, and the RGB sample depths are not greater than 8, and the alpha channel is absent or exactly 8 bits deep or every pixel is either fully transparent or fully opaque, then the alternative indexed-color representation, achieved through an indexing transformation, may be more efficient for encoding. In the indexed-color representation, each pixel is replaced by an index into a palette. The palette is a list of entries each containing three 8-bit samples (red, green, blue). If an alpha channel is present, there is also a parallel table of 8-bit alpha samples, called the alpha table.
A suggested palette or palettes may be constructed even when the PNG image is not indexed-color in order to assist viewers that are capable of displaying only a limited number of colors.
For indexed-color images, encoders can rearrange the palette so that the table entries with the maximum alpha value are grouped at the end. In this case the table can be encoded in a shortened form that does not include these entries.
Encoders creating indexed-color PNG must not insert index values greater than the actual length of the palette table; to do so is an error, and decoders will vary in their handling of this error.
If the red, green, and blue channels have the same sample depth, and, for each pixel, the values of the red, green, and blue samples are equal, then these three channels may be merged into a single greyscale channel.
For non-indexed images, if there exists an RGB (or greyscale) value such that all pixels with that value are fully transparent while all other pixels are fully opaque, then the alpha channel can be represented more compactly by merely identifying the RGB (or greyscale) value that is transparent.
In the PNG image, not all sample depths are supported (see ), and all channels shall have the same sample depth. All channels of the PNG image use the smallest allowable sample depth that is not less than any sample depth in the reference image, and the possible sample values in the reference image are linearly mapped into the next allowable range for the PNG image. shows how samples of depth 3 might be mapped into samples of depth 4.
Allowing only a few sample depths reduces the number of cases that decoders have to cope with. Sample depth scaling is reversible with no loss of data, because the reference image sample depths can be recorded in the PNG datastream. In the absence of recorded sample depths, the reference image sample depth equals the PNG image sample depth. See and .
The transformation of the reference image results in one of five types of PNG image (see ) :
The format of each pixel depends on the PNG image type and the bit depth. For PNG image types other than indexed-color, the bit depth specifies the number of bits per sample, not the total number of bits per pixel. For indexed-color images, the bit depth specifies the number of bits in each palette index, not the sample depth of the colors in the palette or alpha table. Within the pixel the samples appear in the following order, depending on the PNG image type.
A conceptual model of the process of encoding a PNG image is given in . The steps refer to the operations on the array of pixels or indices in the PNG image. The palette and alpha table are not encoded in this way.
Pass extraction (see ) splits a PNG image into a sequence of reduced images where the first image defines a coarse view and subsequent images enhance this coarse view until the last image completes the PNG image. The set of reduced images is also called an interlaced PNG image. Two interlace methods are defined in this specification. The first method is a null method; pixels are stored sequentially from left to right and scanlines from top to bottom. The second method makes multiple scans over the image to produce a sequence of seven reduced images. The seven passes for a sample image are illustrated in . See .
Each row of pixels, called a scanline, is represented as a sequence of bytes.
PNG allows image data to be filtered before it is compressed. Filtering can improve the compressibility of the data. The filter operation is deterministic, reversible, and lossless. This allows the decompressed data to be reverse-filtered in order to obtain the original data. See .
The sequence of filtered scanlines in the pass or passes of the PNG image is compressed (see ) by one of the defined compression methods. The concatenated filtered scanlines form the input to the compression stage. The output from the compression stage is a single compressed datastream. See .
Chunking provides a convenient breakdown of the compressed datastream into manageable chunks (see ). Each chunk has its own redundancy check. See .
Ancillary information may be associated with an image. Decoders may ignore all or some of the ancillary information. The types of ancillary information provided are described in .
Type of information | Description |
---|---|
Animation information | An animated image, defined as a series of frames with associated timing, position and handling information, to be displayed if the viewer is capable of doing so. For other cases such as printers, the static image will be displayed instead. |
Background color | Solid background color to be used when presenting the image if no better option is available. |
Coding-independent code points | Identifies the color space by enumerating metadata such as the transfer function and color primaries. Originally for SDR and HDR video, also used for still and animated images. |
Content Light Level Information | Luminance of the brightest pixel in the image (or image sequence) and the average luminance level of the brightest frame in the sequence. |
EXIF information | Exchangeable image file format metadata such as shutter speed, aperture, and orientation |
Gamma and chromaticity | Gamma value of the image with respect to the desired output intensity, and chromaticity characteristics of the RGB values used in the image. |
ICC profile | Description of the color space (in the form of an International Color Consortium (ICC) profile) to which the samples in the image conform. |
Image histogram | Estimates of how frequently the image uses each palette entry. |
Mastering Display Color Volume | Describes the absolute three-dimensional color gamut volume of the display used to prepare the content, including the lightest and darkest colors the mastering display can reproduce. This helps to present the image on the display device. |
Physical pixel dimensions | Intended pixel size and aspect ratio to be used in presenting the PNG image. |
Significant bits | The number of bits that are significant in the samples. |
sRGB color space | A rendering intent (as defined by the International Color Consortium) and an indication that the image samples conform to this color space. |
Suggested palette | A reduced palette that may be used when the display device is not capable of displaying the full range of colors in the image. |
Textual data | Textual information (which may be compressed) associated with the image. |
Time | The time when the PNG image was last modified. |
Transparency | Alpha information that allows the reference image to be reconstructed when the alpha channel is not retained in the PNG image. |
The PNG datastream consists of a PNG signature (see ) followed by a sequence of chunks (see ). Each chunk has a chunk type which specifies its function.
Chunk types are four-byte sequences chosen so that they correspond to readable labels when interpreted in the ISO 646.IRV:1991 [[ISO646]] character set. The first four are termed critical chunks, which shall be understood and correctly interpreted according to the provisions of this specification. These are:
The remaining chunk types are termed ancillary chunk types, which encoders may generate and decoders may interpret.
Animated PNG (APNG) extends the original, static-only PNG format, adding support for frame-based animated images. It is intended to be a replacement for simple animated images that have traditionally used the GIF format [[GIF]], while adding support for 24-bit images and 8-bit transparency, which GIF lacks.
APNG is backwards-compatible with earlier versions of PNG; a non-animated PNG decoder will ignore the ancillary APNG-specific chunks and display the static image.
An APNG stream is a normal PNG stream as defined in previous versions of the PNG Specification, with three additional chunk types describing the animation and providing additional frame data.
To be recognized as an APNG, an acTL chunk must appear in the stream before any IDAT chunks. The acTL structure is described below.
Conceptually, at the beginning of each play the output buffer shall be completely initialized to a fully transparent black rectangle, with width and height dimensions from the IHDR chunk.
The static image may be included as the first frame of the animation by the presence of a single fcTL chunk before IDAT. Otherwise, the static image is not part of the animation.
Subsequent frames are encoded in fdAT chunks, which have the same structure as IDAT chunks, except preceded by a sequence number. Information for each frame about placement and rendering is stored in fcTL chunks. The full layout of fdAT and fcTL chunks is described below.
The boundaries of the entire animation are specified by the width and height parameters of the IHDR chunk, regardless of whether the default image is part of the animation. The default image should be appropriately padded with fully transparent black pixels if extra space will be needed for later frames.
Each frame is identical for each play, therefore it is safe for applications to cache the frames.
The fcTL and fdAT chunks have a zero-based, 4 byte sequence number. Both chunk types share the sequence. The purpose of this number is to detect (and optionally correct) sequence errors in an Animated PNG, since this specification does not impose ordering restrictions on ancillary chunks.
The first fcTL chunk shall contain sequence number 0, and the sequence numbers in the remaining fcTL and fdAT chunks shall be in ascending order, with no gaps or duplicates.
The tables below illustrate the use of sequence numbers for images with more than one frame, and more than one fdAT chunk for the second frame. (IHDR and IEND chunks omitted in these tables, for clarity).
Sequence number | Chunk |
---|---|
(none) | acTL |
0 | fcTL first frame |
(none) | IDAT first frame / static image |
1 | fcTL second frame |
2 | first fdAT for second frame |
3 | second fdAT for second frame |
Sequence number | Chunk |
---|---|
(none) | acTL |
(none) | IDAT static image |
0 | fcTL first frame |
1 | first fdAT for first frame |
2 | second fdAT for first frame |
3 | fcTL second frame |
4 | first fdAT for second frame |
5 | second fdAT for second frame |
The output buffer is a pixel array with dimensions specified by the width and height parameters of the PNG IHDR chunk. Conceptually, each frame is constructed in the output buffer before being composited onto the canvas. The contents of the output buffer are available to the decoder. The corners of the output buffer are mapped to the corners of the canvas.
The canvas is the area on the output device on which the frames are to be displayed. The contents of the canvas are not necessarily available to the decoder. If a bKGD chunk exists, it may be used to fill the canvas if there is no preferable background.
Errors in a PNG datastream fall into two general classes:
PNG decoders should detect errors as early as possible, recover from errors whenever possible, and fail gracefully otherwise. The error handling philosophy is described in detail in .
The PNG format exposes several extension points:
Some of these extension points are reserved by W3C, while others are available for private use.
The PNG datastream consists of a PNG signature followed by a sequence of chunks. It is the result of encoding a PNG image.
The term datastream is used rather than "file" to describe a byte sequence that may be only a portion of a file. It is also used to emphasize that the sequence of bytes might be generated and consumed "on the fly", never appearing in a stored file at all.
The first eight bytes of a PNG datastream always contain the following hexadecimal values:
89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A
This signature indicates that the remainder of the datastream contains a single PNG image, consisting of a series of chunks beginning with an IHDR chunk and ending with an IEND chunk.
This signature differentiates a PNG datastream from other types of datastream and allows early detection of some transmission errors.
Each chunk consists of three or four fields (see ). The meaning of the fields is described in . The chunk data field may be empty.
Name | Description |
---|---|
Length | A PNG four-byte unsigned integer giving the number of bytes in the chunk's data field. The length counts only the data field, not itself, the chunk type, or the CRC. Zero is a valid length. Although encoders and decoders should treat the length as unsigned, its value shall not exceed 231-1 bytes. |
Chunk Type |
A sequence of four bytes defining the chunk type. Each byte of a chunk type is restricted to the hexadecimal values 41
to 5A and 61 to 7A. These correspond to the uppercase and lowercase ISO 646 [[ISO646]] letters
(A -Z and a -z ) respectively for convenience in description and
examination of PNG datastreams. Encoders and decoders shall treat the chunk types as fixed binary values, not character
strings. For example, it would not be correct to represent the chunk type IDAT by
the equivalents of those letters in the UCS 2 character set. Additional naming conventions for chunk types are
discussed in .
|
Chunk Data | The data bytes appropriate to the chunk type, if any. This field can be of zero length. |
CRC | A four-byte CRC calculated on the preceding bytes in the chunk, including the chunk type field and chunk data fields, but not including the length field. The CRC can be used to check for corruption of the data. The CRC is always present, even for chunks containing no data. See . |
The chunk data length may be any number of bytes up to the maximum; therefore, implementors cannot assume that chunks are aligned on any boundaries larger than bytes.
Chunk types are chosen to be meaningful names when the bytes of the chunk type are interpreted as ISO 646 letters [[ISO646]]. Chunk types are assigned so that a decoder can determine some properties of a chunk even when the type is not recognized. These rules allow safe, flexible extension of the PNG format, by allowing a PNG decoder to decide what to do when it encounters an unknown chunk.
The naming rules are normally of interest only when the decoder does not recognize the chunk's type, as specified at .
Four bits of the chunk type, the property bits, namely bit 5 (value 32) of each byte, are used to convey chunk properties. This choice means that a human can read off the assigned properties according to whether the letter corresponding to each byte of the chunk type is uppercase (bit 5 is 0) or lowercase (bit 5 is 1).
The property bits are an inherent part of the chunk type, and hence are fixed for any chunk type. Thus, CHNK and cHNk would be unrelated chunk types, not the same chunk with different properties.
The semantics of the property bits are defined in .
Name & location | Definition | Description |
---|---|---|
Ancillary bit: first byte | 0 (uppercase) = critical, 1 (lowercase) = ancillary. |
Critical chunks are necessary for successful display of the contents of the datastream, for example the image header
chunk (IHDR). A decoder trying to extract the image, upon encountering an unknown
chunk type in which the ancillary bit is 0, shall indicate to the user that the image contains information it cannot
safely interpret. Ancillary chunks are not strictly necessary in order to meaningfully display the contents of the datastream, for example the time chunk ( tIME). A decoder encountering an unknown chunk type in which the ancillary bit is 1 can safely ignore the chunk and proceed to display the image. |
Private bit: second byte | 0 (uppercase) = public, 1 (lowercase) = private. |
Public chunks are reserved for definition by the W3C. The definition of private chunks is specified at . The names of private chunks have a lowercase second letter, while the names of public chunks have uppercase second letters. |
Reserved bit: third byte | 0 (uppercase) in this version of PNG. If the reserved bit is 1, the datastream does not conform to this version of PNG. |
The significance of the case of the third letter of the chunk name is reserved for possible future extension. In this International Standard, all chunk names shall have uppercase third letters. |
Safe-to-copy bit: fourth byte | 0 (uppercase) = unsafe to copy, 1 (lowercase) = safe to copy. |
This property bit is not of interest to pure decoders, but it is needed by PNG editors. This bit defines the proper handling of unrecognized chunks in a datastream that is being modified. Rules for PNG editors are discussed further in . |
The hypothetical chunk type "cHNk" has the property bits:
cHNk <-- 32 bit chunk type represented in text form |||| |||+- Safe-to-copy bit is 1 (lower case letter; bit 5 is 1) ||+-- Reserved bit is 0 (upper case letter; bit 5 is 0) |+--- Private bit is 0 (upper case letter; bit 5 is 0) +---- Ancillary bit is 1 (lower case letter; bit 5 is 1)
Therefore, this name represents an ancillary, public, safe-to-copy chunk.
CRC fields are calculated using standardized CRC methods with pre and post conditioning, as defined by [[ISO-3309]] and [[ITU-T-V.42]]. The CRC polynomial employed— which is identical to that used in the GZIP file format specification [[RFC1952]]— is
x32 + x26 + x23 + x22 + x16 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x8 + x7 + x5 + x4 + x2 + x + 1
In PNG, the 32-bit CRC is initialized to all 1's, and then the data from each byte is processed from the least
significant bit (1) to the most significant bit (128). After all the data bytes are processed, the CRC is inverted
(its ones complement is taken). This value is transmitted (stored in the datastream) MSB first. For the purpose of separating
into bytes and ordering, the least significant bit of the 32-bit CRC is defined to be the coefficient of the
x31
term.
Practical calculation of the CRC often employs a precalculated table to accelerate the computation. See .
The constraints on the positioning of the individual chunks are listed in and illustrated diagrammatically for static images in and , for animated images where the static image forms the first frame in and , and for animated images where the static image is not part of the animation in and . These lattice diagrams represent the constraints on positioning imposed by this specification. The lines in the diagrams define partial ordering relationships. Chunks higher up shall appear before chunks lower down. Chunks which are horizontally aligned and appear between two other chunk types (higher and lower than the horizontally aligned chunks) may appear in any order between the two higher and lower chunk types to which they are connected. The superscript associated with the chunk type is defined in . It indicates whether the chunk is mandatory, optional, or may appear more than once. A vertical bar between two chunk types indicates alternatives.
Critical chunks (shall appear in this order, except PLTE is optional) |
||
---|---|---|
Chunk name | Multiple allowed | Ordering constraints |
IHDR | No | Shall be first |
PLTE | No | Before first IDAT |
IDAT | Yes | Multiple IDAT chunks shall be consecutive |
IEND | No | Shall be last |
Ancillary chunks (need not appear in this order) |
||
Chunk name | Multiple allowed | Ordering constraints |
acTL | No | Before IDAT |
cHRM | No | Before PLTE and IDAT |
cICP | No | Before PLTE and IDAT |
gAMA | No | Before PLTE and IDAT |
iCCP | No | Before PLTE and IDAT. If the iCCP chunk is present, the sRGB chunk should not be present. |
mDCV | No | Before PLTE and IDAT. |
cLLI | No | Before PLTE and IDAT. |
sBIT | No | Before PLTE and IDAT |
sRGB | No | Before PLTE and IDAT. If the sRGB chunk is present, the iCCP chunk should not be present. |
bKGD | No | After PLTE; before IDAT |
hIST | No | After PLTE; before IDAT |
tRNS | No | After PLTE; before IDAT |
eXIf | No | Before IDAT |
fcTL | Yes | One may occur before IDAT; all others shall be after IDAT |
pHYs | No | Before IDAT |
sPLT | Yes | Before IDAT |
fdAT | Yes | After IDAT |
tIME | No | None |
iTXt | Yes | None |
tEXt | Yes | None |
zTXt | Yes | None |
Symbol | Meaning |
---|---|
+ | One or more |
1 | Only one |
? | Zero or one |
* | Zero or more |
| | Alternative |
All chunks, private and public, SHOULD be listed at [[PNG-EXTENSIONS]].
Public chunks are reserved for definition by the W3C.
Public chunks are intended for broad use consistent with the philosophy of PNG.
Organizations and applications are encouraged to submit any chunk that meet the criteria above for definition as a public chunk by the PNG Working Group.
The definition as a public chunk is neither automatic nor immediate. A proposed public chunk type SHALL not be used in publicly available software or datastreams until defined as such.
The definition of new critical chunk types is discouraged unless necessary.
Organizations and applications MAY define private chunks for private and experimental use.
A private chunk SHOULD NOT be defined merely to carry textual information of interest to a human user. Instead iTXt chunk SHOULD BE used and corresponding keyword SHOULD BE used and a suitable keyword defined.
Listing private chunks at [[PNG-EXTENSIONS]] reduces, but does not eliminate, the chance that the same private chunk is used for incompatible purposes by different applications. If a private chunk type is used, additional identifying information SHOULD BE be stored at the beginning of the chunk data to further reduce the risk of conflicts.
An ancillary chunk type, not a critical chunk type, SHOULD be used for all private chunks that store information that is not absolutely essential to view the image.
Private critical chunks SHOULD NOT be defined because PNG datastreams containing such chunks are not portable, and SHOULD NOT be used in publicly available software or datastreams. If a private critical chunk is essential for an application, it SHOULD appear near the start of the datastream, so that a standard decoder need not read very far before discovering that it cannot handle the datastream.
Values greater than or equal to 128 in the following fields are private field values:
These private field values are neither defined nor reserved by this specification.
Private field values MAY be used for experimental or private semantics.
Private field values SHOULD NOT appear in publicly available software or datastreams since they can result in datastreams that are unreadable by PNG decoders as detailed at .
As explained in there are five types of PNG image. Corresponding to each type is a color type, which is the sum of the following values: 1 (palette used), 2 (truecolor used) and 4 (alpha used). greyscale and truecolor images may have an explicit alpha channel. The PNG image types and corresponding color types are listed in .
PNG image type | Color type |
---|---|
Greyscale | 0 |
Truecolor | 2 |
Indexed-color | 3 |
Greyscale with alpha | 4 |
Truecolor with alpha | 6 |
The allowed bit depths and sample depths for each PNG image type are listed in Image header.
Greyscale samples represent luminance if the transfer curve is indicated (by gAMA, sRGB, iCCP) or cICP; or device-dependent greyscale if not. RGB samples represent calibrated color information if the color space is indicated (by gAMA and cHRM, sRGB, iCCP, or cICP; or uncalibrated device-dependent color if not.
Sample values are not necessarily proportional to light intensity; the gAMA chunk specifies the relationship between sample values and display output intensity. Viewers are strongly encouraged to compensate properly. See , and .
In a PNG datastream transparency may be represented in one of four ways, depending on the PNG image type (see and ).
An alpha channel included in the image array has 8-bit or 16-bit samples, the same size as the other samples. The alpha sample for each pixel is stored immediately following the greyscale or RGB samples of the pixel. An alpha value of zero represents full transparency, and a value of 2sampledepth - 1 represents full opacity. Intermediate values indicate partially transparent pixels that can be composited against a background image to yield the delivered image.
The color values in a pixel are not premultiplied by the alpha value assigned to the pixel. This rule is sometimes called "unassociated" or "non-premultiplied" alpha. (Another common technique is to store sample values premultiplied by the alpha value; in effect, such an image is already composited against a black background. PNG does not use premultiplied alpha. In consequence an image editor can take a PNG image and easily change its transparency.) See and .
All integers that require more than one byte shall be in network byte order (as illustrated in ): the most significant byte comes first, then the less significant bytes in descending order of significance (MSB LSB for two-byte integers, MSB B2 B1 LSB for four-byte integers). The highest bit (value 128) of a byte is numbered bit 7; the lowest bit (value 1) is numbered bit 0. Values are unsigned unless otherwise noted. Values explicitly noted as signed are represented in two's complement notation.
PNG four-byte unsigned integers are limited to the range 0 to 231-1 to accommodate languages that have difficulty with unsigned four-byte values.
A PNG image (or pass, see ) is a rectangular pixel array, with pixels appearing left-to-right within each scanline, and scanlines appearing top-to-bottom. The size of each pixel is determined by the number of bits per pixel.
Pixels within a scanline are always packed into a sequence of bytes with no wasted bits between pixels. Scanlines always begin on byte boundaries. Permitted bit depths and color types are restricted so that in all cases the packing is simple and efficient.
In PNG images of color type 0 (greyscale) each pixel is a single sample, which may have precision less than a byte (1, 2, or 4 bits). These samples are packed into bytes with the leftmost sample in the high-order bits of a byte followed by the other samples for the scanline.
In PNG images of color type 3 (indexed-color) each pixel is a single palette index. These indices are packed into bytes in the same way as the samples for color type 0.
When there are multiple pixels per byte, some low-order bits of the last byte of a scanline may go unused. The contents of these unused bits are not specified.
PNG images that are not indexed-color images may have sample values with a bit depth of 16. Such sample values are in network byte order (MSB first, LSB second). PNG permits multi-sample pixels only with 8 and 16-bit samples, so multiple samples of a single pixel are never packed into one byte.
A filter method is a transformation applied to an array of scanlines with the aim of improving their compressibility.
PNG standardizes one filter method and several filter types that may be used to prepare image data for compression. It transforms the byte sequence into an equal length sequence of bytes preceded by a filter type byte (see for an example).
The encoder shall use only a single filter method for an interlaced PNG image, but may use different filter types for each scanline in a reduced image. An intelligent encoder can switch filters from one scanline to the next. The method for choosing which filter to employ is left to the encoder.
The filter type byte is not considered part of the image data, but it is included in the datastream sent to the compression step. See .
Pass extraction (see Figure 4.8) splits a PNG image into a sequence of reduced images (the interlaced PNG image) where the first image defines a coarse view and subsequent images enhance this coarse view until the last image completes the PNG image. This allows progressive display of the interlaced PNG image by the decoder and allows images to "fade in" when they are being displayed on-the-fly. On average, interlacing slightly expands the datastream size, but it can give the user a meaningful display much more rapidly.
Two interlace methods are defined in this International Standard, methods 0 and 1. Other values of interlace method are reserved for future standardization.
With interlace method 0, the null method, pixels are extracted sequentially from left to right, and scanlines sequentially from top to bottom. The interlaced PNG image is a single reduced image.
Interlace method 1, known as Adam7, defines seven distinct passes over the image. Each pass transmits a subset of the pixels in the reference image. The pass in which each pixel is transmitted (numbered from 1 to 7) is defined by replicating the following 8-by-8 pattern over the entire image, starting at the upper left corner:
1 6 4 6 2 6 4 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 3 6 4 6 3 6 4 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Figure 4.8 shows the seven passes of interlace method 1. Within each pass, the selected pixels are transmitted left to right within a scanline, and selected scanlines sequentially from top to bottom. For example, pass 2 contains pixels 4, 12, 20, etc. of scanlines 0, 8, 16, etc. (where scanline 0, pixel 0 is the upper left corner). The last pass contains all of scanlines 1, 3, 5, etc. The transmission order is defined so that all the scanlines transmitted in a pass will have the same number of pixels; this is necessary for proper application of some of the filters. The interlaced PNG image consists of a sequence of seven reduced images. For example, if the PNG image is 16 by 16 pixels, then the third pass will be a reduced image of two scanlines, each containing four pixels (see Figure 4.8).
Scanlines that do not completely fill an integral number of bytes are padded as defined in .
NOTE If the reference image contains fewer than five columns or fewer than five rows, some passes will be empty.
Filtering transforms the PNG image with the goal of improving compression. The overall process is depicted in while the specifics of serializing and filtering a scanline are shown in .
PNG allows for a number of filter methods. All the reduced images in an interlaced image shall use a single filter method. Only filter method 0 is defined by this specification. Other filter methods are reserved for future standardization. Filter method 0 provides a set of five filter types, and individual scanlines in each reduced image may use different filter types.
PNG imposes no additional restriction on which filter types can be applied to an interlaced PNG image. However, the filter types are not equally effective on all types of data. See .
Filtering transforms the byte sequence in a scanline to an equal length sequence of bytes preceded by the filter type. Filter type bytes are associated only with non-empty scanlines. No filter type bytes are present in an empty pass. See .
Filters are applied to bytes, not to pixels, regardless of the bit depth or color type of the image. The filters operate on the byte sequence formed by a scanline that has been represented as described in . If the image includes an alpha channel, the alpha data is filtered in the same way as the image data.
Filters may use the original values of the following bytes to generate the new byte value:
Name | Definition |
---|---|
x | the byte being filtered; |
a | the byte corresponding to x in the pixel immediately before the pixel containing x (or the byte immediately before x, when the bit depth is less than 8); |
b | the byte corresponding to x in the previous scanline; |
c | the byte corresponding to b in the pixel immediately before the pixel containing b (or the byte immediately before b, when the bit depth is less than 8). |
shows the relative positions of the bytes x, a, b, and c.
Filter method 0 defines five basic filter types as listed in . Orig(y)
denotes the original (unfiltered) value of byte y. Filt(y)
denotes the value after a filter type has
been applied. Recon(y)
denotes the value after the corresponding reconstruction function has been applied. The
Paeth filter type PaethPredictor [[?Paeth]] is defined below.
Filter method 0 specifies exactly this set of five filter types and this shall not be extended. This ensures that decoders need not decompress the data to determine whether it contains unsupported filter types: it is sufficient to check the filter method in .
Type | Name | Filter Function | Reconstruction Function |
---|---|---|---|
0 | None | Filt(x) = Orig(x)
|
Recon(x) = Filt(x)
|
1 | Sub | Filt(x) = Orig(x) - Orig(a)
|
Recon(x) = Filt(x) + Recon(a)
|
2 | Up | Filt(x) = Orig(x) - Orig(b)
|
Recon(x) = Filt(x) + Recon(b)
|
3 | Average | Filt(x) = Orig(x) - floor((Orig(a) + Orig(b)) / 2)
|
Recon(x) = Filt(x) + floor((Recon(a) + Recon(b)) / 2)
|
4 | Paeth | Filt(x) = Orig(x) - PaethPredictor(Orig(a), Orig(b), Orig(c))
|
Recon(x) = Filt(x) + PaethPredictor(Recon(a), Recon(b), Recon(c))
|
For all filters, the bytes "to the left of" the first pixel in a scanline shall be treated as being zero. For filters that refer to the prior scanline, the entire prior scanline and bytes "to the left of" the first pixel in the prior scanline shall be treated as being zeroes for the first scanline of a reduced image.
To reverse the effect of a filter requires the decoded values of the prior pixel on the same scanline, the pixel immediately above the current pixel on the prior scanline, and the pixel just to the left of the pixel above.
Unsigned arithmetic modulo 256 is used, so that both the inputs and outputs fit into bytes. Filters are applied to each
byte regardless of bit depth. The sequence of Filt
values is transmitted as the filtered scanline.
The sum Orig(a) + Orig(b)
shall be performed without overflow (using at least nine-bit arithmetic).
floor()
indicates that the result of the division is rounded to the next lower integer if fractional; in other
words, it is an integer division or right shift operation.
The Paeth filter type computes a simple linear function of the three neighboring pixels (left, above, upper left), then chooses as predictor the neighboring pixel closest to the computed value. The algorithm used in this specification is an adaptation of the technique due to Alan W. Paeth [[Paeth]].
The PaethPredictor function is defined in the code below. The logic of the function and the locations of the bytes a, b, c, and x are shown in . Pr is the predictor for byte x.
p = a + b - c pa = abs(p - a) pb = abs(p - b) pc = abs(p - c) if pa <= pb and pa <= pc then Pr = a else if pb <= pc then Pr = b else Pr = c return Pr
The calculations within the PaethPredictor function shall be performed exactly, without overflow.
The order in which the comparisons are performed is critical and shall not be altered. The function tries to establish in which of the three directions (vertical, horizontal, or diagonal) the gradient of the image is smallest.
Exactly the same PaethPredictor function is used by both encoder and decoder.
Only PNG compression method 0 is defined by this International Standard. Other values of compression method are reserved for future standardization. PNG compression method 0 is deflate compression with a sliding window (which is an upper bound on the distances appearing in the deflate stream) of at most 32768 bytes. Deflate compression is derived from LZ77.
Deflate-compressed datastreams within PNG are stored in the zlib format, which has the structure:
zlib compression method/flags code | 1 byte |
Additional flags/check bits | 1 byte |
Compressed data blocks | n bytes |
Check value | 4 bytes |
zlib is specified at [[rfc1950]].
For PNG compression method 0, the zlib compression method/flags code shall specify method code 8 (deflate compression) and an LZ77 window size of not more than 32768 bytes. The zlib compression method number is not the same as the PNG compression method number in the IHDR chunk. The additional flags shall not specify a preset dictionary.
If the data to be compressed contain 16384 bytes or fewer, the PNG encoder may set the window size by rounding up to a power of 2 (256 minimum). This decreases the memory required for both encoding and decoding, without adversely affecting the compression ratio.
The compressed data within the zlib datastream are stored as a series of blocks, each of which can represent raw (uncompressed) data, LZ77-compressed data encoded with fixed Huffman codes, or LZ77-compressed data encoded with custom Huffman codes. A marker bit in the final block identifies it as the last block, allowing the decoder to recognize the end of the compressed datastream. Further details on the compression algorithm and the encoding are given in the deflate specification [[rfc1951]].
The check value stored at the end of the zlib datastream is calculated on the uncompressed data represented by the datastream. The algorithm used to calculate this is not the same as the CRC calculation used for PNG chunk CRC field values. The zlib check value is useful mainly as a cross-check that the deflate algorithms are implemented correctly. Verifying the individual PNG chunk CRCs provides confidence that the PNG datastream has been transmitted undamaged.
The sequence of filtered scanlines is compressed and the resulting data stream is split into IDAT chunks. The concatenation of the contents of all the IDAT chunks makes up a zlib datastream. This datastream decompresses to filtered image data.
It is important to emphasize that the boundaries between IDAT chunks are arbitrary and can fall anywhere in the zlib datastream. There is not necessarily any correlation between IDAT chunk boundaries and deflate block boundaries or any other feature of the zlib data. For example, it is entirely possible for the terminating zlib check value to be split across IDAT chunks.
Similarly, there is no required correlation between the structure of the image data (i.e., scanline boundaries) and deflate block boundaries or IDAT chunk boundaries. The complete filtered PNG image is represented by a single zlib datastream that is stored in a number of IDAT chunks.
PNG also uses compression method 0 in iTXt, iCCP, and zTXt chunks. Unlike the image data, such datastreams are not split across chunks; each such chunk contains an independent zlib datastream (see ).
This clause defines chunk used in this specification.
A critical chunk is a chunk that is absolutely required in order to successfully decode a PNG image from a PNG datastream. Extension chunks may be defined as critical chunks (see ), though this practice is strongly discouraged.
A valid PNG datastream shall begin with a PNG signature, immediately followed by an IHDR chunk, then one or more IDAT chunks, and shall end with an IEND chunk. Only one IHDR chunk and one IEND chunk are allowed in a PNG datastream.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
49 48 44 52
The IHDR chunk shall be the first chunk in the PNG datastream. It contains:
Width | 4 bytes |
Height | 4 bytes |
Bit depth | 1 byte |
Color type | 1 byte |
Compression method | 1 byte |
Filter method | 1 byte |
Interlace method | 1 byte |
Width and height give the image dimensions in pixels. They are PNG four-byte unsigned integers. Zero is an invalid value.
Bit depth is a single-byte integer giving the number of bits per sample or per palette index (not per pixel). Valid values are 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16, although not all values are allowed for all color types. See .
Color type is a single-byte integer.
Bit depth restrictions for each color type are imposed to simplify implementations and to prohibit combinations that do not compress well. The allowed combinations are defined in .
PNG image type | Color type | Allowed bit depths | Interpretation |
---|---|---|---|
Greyscale | 0 | 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 | Each pixel is a greyscale sample |
Truecolor | 2 | 8, 16 | Each pixel is an R,G,B triple |
Indexed-color | 3 | 1, 2, 4, 8 | Each pixel is a palette index; a PLTE chunk shall appear. |
Greyscale with alpha | 4 | 8, 16 | Each pixel is a greyscale sample followed by an alpha sample. |
Truecolor with alpha | 6 | 8, 16 | Each pixel is an R,G,B triple followed by an alpha sample. |
The sample depth is the same as the bit depth except in the case of indexed-color PNG images (color type 3), in which the sample depth is always 8 bits (see ).
Compression method is a single-byte integer that indicates the method used to compress the image data. Only compression method 0 (deflate compression with a sliding window of at most 32768 bytes) is defined in this specification. All conforming PNG images shall be compressed with this scheme.
Filter method is a single-byte integer that indicates the preprocessing method applied to the image data before compression. Only filter method 0 (adaptive filtering with five basic filter types) is defined in this specification. See for details.
Interlace method is a single-byte integer that indicates the transmission order of the image data. Two values are defined in this specification: 0 (no interlace) or 1 (Adam7 interlace). See for details.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
50 4C 54 45
The PLTE chunk contains from 1 to 256 palette entries, each a three-byte series of the form:
Red | 1 byte |
Green | 1 byte |
Blue | 1 byte |
The number of entries is determined from the chunk length. A chunk length not divisible by 3 is an error.
This chunk shall appear for color type 3, and may appear for color types 2 and 6; it shall not appear for color types 0 and 4. There shall not be more than one PLTE chunk.
For color type 3 (indexed-color), the PLTE chunk is required. The first entry in PLTE is referenced by pixel value 0, the second by pixel value 1, etc. The number of palette entries shall not exceed the range that can be represented in the image bit depth (for example, 24 = 16 for a bit depth of 4). It is permissible to have fewer entries than the bit depth would allow. In that case, any out-of-range pixel value found in the image data is an error.
For color types 2 and 6 (truecolor and truecolor with alpha), the PLTE chunk is optional. If present, it provides a suggested set of colors (from 1 to 256) to which the truecolor image can be quantized if it cannot be displayed directly. It is, however, recommended that the sPLT chunk be used for this purpose, rather than the PLTE chunk. If neither PLTE nor sPLT chunks are present and the image cannot be displayed directly, quantization has to be done by the viewing system. However, it is often preferable for the selection of colors to be done once by the PNG encoder. (See .)
Note that the palette uses 8 bits (1 byte) per sample regardless of the image bit depth. In particular, the palette is 8 bits deep even when it is a suggested quantization of a 16-bit truecolor image.
There is no requirement that the palette entries all be used by the image, nor that they all be different.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
49 44 41 54
The IDAT chunk contains the actual image data which is the output stream of the compression algorithm. See and for details.
There may be multiple IDAT chunks; if so, they shall appear consecutively with no other intervening chunks. The compressed datastream is then the concatenation of the contents of the data fields of all the IDAT chunks (noting that data fields may be of zero length).
Some images have unused trailing bytes at the end of the final IDAT chunk. This could happen when an entire buffer is stored rather than just the portion of the buffer which is used. This is undesirable. Preferably, an encoder would not include these unused bytes. If it must, setting the bytes to zero will prevent accidental data sharing. A decoder should ignore these trailing bytes.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
49 45 4E 44
The IEND chunk marks the end of the PNG datastream. The chunk's data field is empty.
The ancillary chunks defined in this specification are listed in the order in . This is not the order in which they appear in a PNG datastream. Ancillary chunks may be ignored by a decoder. For each ancillary chunk, the actions described are under the assumption that the decoder is not ignoring the chunk.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
74 52 4E 53
The tRNS chunk specifies either alpha values that are associated with palette entries (for indexed-color images) or a single transparent color (for greyscale and truecolor images). The tRNS chunk contains:
Color type 0 | |
---|---|
Grey sample value | 2 bytes |
Color type 2 | |
Red sample value | 2 bytes |
Green sample value | 2 bytes |
Blue sample value | 2 bytes |
Color type 3 | |
Alpha for palette index 0 | 1 byte |
Alpha for palette index 1 | 1 byte |
...etc... | 1 byte |
For color type 3 (indexed-color), the tRNS chunk contains a series of one-byte alpha values, corresponding to entries in the PLTE chunk. Each entry indicates that pixels of the corresponding palette index shall be treated as having the specified alpha value. Alpha values have the same interpretation as in an 8-bit full alpha channel: 0 is fully transparent, 255 is fully opaque, regardless of image bit depth. The tRNS chunk shall not contain more alpha values than there are palette entries, but a tRNS chunk may contain fewer values than there are palette entries. In this case, the alpha value for all remaining palette entries is assumed to be 255. In the common case in which only palette index 0 need be made transparent, only a one-byte tRNS chunk is needed, and when all palette indices are opaque, the tRNS chunk may be omitted.
For color types 0 or 2, two bytes per sample are used regardless of the image bit depth (see ). Pixels of the specified grey sample value or RGB sample values are treated as transparent (equivalent to alpha value 0); all other pixels are to be treated as fully opaque (alpha value 2bitdepth-1). If the image bit depth is less than 16, the least significant bits are used. Encoders should set the other bits to 0, and decoders must mask the other bits to 0 before the value is used.
A tRNS chunk shall not appear for color types 4 and 6, since a full alpha channel is already present in those cases.
NOTE For 16-bit greyscale or truecolor data, as described in , only pixels matching the entire 16-bit values in tRNS chunks are transparent. Decoders have to postpone any sample depth rescaling until after the pixels have been tested for transparency.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
63 48 52 4D
The cHRM chunk may be used to specify the 1931 CIE x,y chromaticities of the red, green, and blue display primaries used in the PNG image, and the referenced white point. See for more information. The iCCP, and sRGB chunks provide more sophisticated support for color management and control.
The cHRM chunk contains:
Name | Size |
---|---|
White point x | 4 bytes |
White point y | 4 bytes |
Red x | 4 bytes |
Red y | 4 bytes |
Green x | 4 bytes |
Green y | 4 bytes |
Blue x | 4 bytes |
Blue y | 4 bytes |
Each value is encoded as a PNG four-byte unsigned integer, representing the x or y value times 100000.
A value of 0.3127 would be stored as the integer 31270.
The cHRM chunk is allowed in all PNG datastreams, although it is of little value for greyscale images.
This chunk is ignored unless it is the highest-precedence color chunk understood by the decoder.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
67 41 4D 41
The gAMA chunk specifies a gamma value.
In fact specifying the desired display output intensity is insufficient. It is also necessary to specify the viewing conditions under which the output is desired. For gAMA these are the reference viewing conditions of the sRGB specification [[SRGB]]. Adjustment for different viewing conditions is normally handled by a Color Management System. If the adjustment is not performed, the error is usually small. Applications desiring high color fidelity may wish to use an sRGB, iCCP chunk.
The gAMA chunk contains:
Image gamma | 4 bytes |
The value is encoded as a PNG four-byte unsigned integer, representing the gamma value times 100000.
A gamma value of 1/2.2 would be stored as the integer 45455.
This chunk is ignored unless it is the highest-precedence color chunk understood by the decoder.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
69 43 43 50
The iCCP chunk contains:
Profile name | 1-79 bytes (character string) |
Null separator | 1 byte (null character) |
Compression method | 1 byte |
Compressed profile | n bytes |
The profile name may be any convenient name for referring to the profile. It is case-sensitive. Profile names shall contain only printable Latin-1 characters and spaces (only code points 0x20-7E and 0xA1-FF are allowed). Leading, trailing, and consecutive spaces are not permitted. The only compression method defined in this specification is method 0 (zlib datastream with deflate compression, see ). The compression method entry is followed by a compressed profile that makes up the remainder of the chunk. Decompression of this datastream yields the embedded ICC profile.
If the iCCP chunk is present, the image samples conform to the color space represented by the embedded ICC profile as defined by the International Color Consortium [[ICC]][[ISO_15076-1]]. The color space of the ICC profile shall be an RGB color space for color images (color types 2, 3, and 6), or a greyscale color space for greyscale images (color types 0 and 4). A PNG encoder that writes the iCCP chunk is encouraged to also write gAMA and cHRM chunks that approximate the ICC profile, to provide compatibility with applications that do not use the iCCP chunk.
This chunk is ignored unless it is the highest-precedence color chunk understood by the decoder.
Unless a cICP chunk exists, a PNG datastream should contain at most one embedded profile, whether specified explicitly with an iCCP or implicitly with an sRGB chunk.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
73 42 49 54
To simplify decoders, PNG specifies that only certain sample depths may be used, and further specifies that sample values should be scaled to the full range of possible values at the sample depth. The sBIT chunk defines the original number of significant bits (which can be less than or equal to the sample depth). This allows PNG decoders to recover the original data losslessly even if the data had a sample depth not directly supported by PNG.
The sBIT chunk contains:
Color type 0 | |
---|---|
significant greyscale bits | 1 byte |
Color types 2 and 3 | |
significant red bits | 1 byte |
significant green bits | 1 byte |
significant blue bits | 1 byte |
Color type 4 | |
significant greyscale bits | 1 byte |
significant alpha bits | 1 byte |
Color type 6 | |
significant red bits | 1 byte |
significant green bits | 1 byte |
significant blue bits | 1 byte |
significant alpha bits | 1 byte |
Each depth specified in sBIT shall be greater than zero and less than or equal to the sample depth (which is 8 for indexed-color images, and the bit depth given in IHDR for other color types). Note that sBIT does not provide a sample depth for the alpha channel that is implied by a tRNS chunk; in that case, all of the sample bits of the alpha channel are to be treated as significant. If the sBIT chunk is not present, then all of the sample bits of all channels are to be treated as significant.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
73 52 47 42
If the sRGB chunk is present, the image samples conform to the sRGB color space [[SRGB]] and should be displayed using the specified rendering intent defined by the International Color Consortium [[ICC]] or [[ICC-2]].
The sRGB chunk contains:
Name | Size |
---|---|
Rendering intent | 1 byte |
The following values are defined for rendering intent:
Value | Name | Description |
---|---|---|
0 | Perceptual | for images preferring good adaptation to the output device gamut at the expense of colorimetric accuracy, such as photographs. |
1 | Relative colorimetric | for images requiring color appearance matching (relative to the output device white point), such as logos. |
2 | Saturation | for images preferring preservation of saturation at the expense of hue and lightness, such as charts and graphs. |
3 | Absolute colorimetric | for images requiring preservation of absolute colorimetry, such as previews of images destined for a different output device (proofs). |
It is recommended that a PNG encoder that writes the sRGB chunk also write a gAMA chunk (and optionally a cHRM chunk) for compatibility with decoders that do not use the sRGB chunk. Only the following values shall be used.
gAMA | |
---|---|
Gamma | 45455 |
cHRM | |
White point x | 31270 |
White point y | 32900 |
Red x | 64000 |
Red y | 33000 |
Green x | 30000 |
Green y | 60000 |
Blue x | 15000 |
Blue y | 6000 |
This chunk is ignored unless it is the highest-precedence color chunk understood by the decoder.
It is recommended that the sRGB and iCCP chunks do not appear simultaneously in a PNG datastream.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
63 49 43 50
If present, the cICP chunk specifies the color space (primaries), transfer function, matrix coefficients and scaling factor of the image using the code points specified in [[ITU-T-H.273]]. The video format signaling SHOULD be used when processing the image, including by a decoder or when rendering the image.
The cICP chunk consists of four 1-byte unsigned integers to identify the characteristics described above.
The following specifies the syntax of the cICP chunk:
Name | Size |
---|---|
Color Primaries | 1 byte |
Transfer Function | 1 byte |
Matrix Coefficients | 1 byte |
Video Full Range Flag | 1 byte |
Each of the fields of the cICP chunk corresponds to the parameter of the same name in [[ITU-T-H.273]].
RGB is currently the only supported color model in PNG, and as such Matrix Coefficients
shall be set to 0
.
If Video Full Range Flag
is 0
(a narrow-range image), recommended practice
is to define transfer functions
such as EOTF or inverse OETF
over the extended range,
so as to include negative values.
This is done as follows:
out = sign(in) * TransferFunction(abs(in))
The cICP chunk MUST come before the PLTE and IDAT chunks.
This chunk, if understood by the decoder, is the highest-precedence color chunk.
In a similar way to the use of the sRGB chunk to compactly signal an sRGB image, cICP can be used to compactly signal a Display P3 image [[Display-P3]].
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
6D 44 43 56
If present, the mDCV chunk characterizes the Mastering Display Color Volume (mDCV) used at the point of content creation, as specified in [[SMPTE-ST-2086]]. The mDCV chunk provides informative static metadata which allows a target (consumer) display to potentially optimize its tone mapping decisions on a comparison of its inherent capabilities versus the original mastering display's capabilites.
mDCV is typically used with the PQ [[ITU-R-BT.2100]] transfer function and additional cLLI metadata and is commonly then called [[?HDR10]] (PQ with ST 2086 static metadata, MaxFALL and MaxCLL). The mDCV chunk may also be included with HLG [[ITU-R-BT.2100]] and SDR image formats (for example [[ITU-R-BT.709]]).
Since mDCV was originally created as supplemental static metadata meant to optimize the tone-mapping of images on a video display target, a cICP chunk must accompany the use of mDCV in order to establish the basic characteristics of the image content. Color Primaries and White Point characteristics can be derived from cICP chunk formats. Specific examples of its most common use-cases for images using both HDR [[ITU-R-BT.2100]] and SDR [[ITU-R-BT.709]] are available in [[ITU-T-Series-H-Supplement-19]]. The basic (cICP) characteristics plus the supplemental (mDCV) static metadata may provide valuable information to optimize tone-mapping decisions.
Issue #319 discusses tone-mapping behavior when the mDCV chunk is present.
For SDR images, if mDCV display min/max luminance are unknown, the default characteristics can be derived from the values in [[ITU-T-Series-H-Supplement-19]] Table 11 or from the relevant SDR specification. At present, there is no published, standardized method for translating an SDR image signal from its default viewing condition (display luminance and ambient illumination) to that signalled in the mDCV chunk.
The following specifies the syntax of the mDCV chunk:
Name | Size | Divisor value |
---|---|---|
Mastering display color primary chromaticities (CIE 1931 x,y of R,G,B ) | 12 bytes | 0.00002 |
Mastering display white point chromaticity (CIE 1931 x,y) | 4 bytes | 0.00002 |
Mastering display maximum luminance (measured in cd/m2) | 4 bytes | 0.0001 |
Mastering display minimum luminance (measured in cd/m2) | 4 bytes | 0.0001 |
The color primaries are encoded as three pairs of PNG two-byte unsigned integers, in the order x and then y, each representing the x or y primary chromaticity value divided by the divisor value. They are ordered starting with the primary with the largest x chromaticity, followed by the primary with the largest y chromaticity, followed by the remaining primary. For RGB color spaces, this corresponds to the order R, G, B.
The white point is encoded as a pair of PNG two-byte unsigned integers, in the order x and then y, each representing the x or y whie chromaticity value divided by the divisor value.
The maximum and minimum luminance values are encoded as PNG four-byte unsigned integers, representing the absolute luminance value in cd/m2 divided by the divisor value.
The divisor maps from actual value to stored value. For example, the unitless divisor of 0.00002 for the primaries and white point would store the chromaticity (0.6800, 0.3200) as {34000, 16000}.
The mDCV chunk MUST come before the PLTE and IDAT chunks.
Below are mDCV examples for [[ITU-R-BT.2100]] HDR.
Below are mDCV examples for [[Display-P3]] SDR.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
63 4C 4C 49
If present, the cLLI chunk identifies two characteristics of HDR content:
The cLLI chunk adds static metadata which provides an opportunity to optimize tone mapping of the associated content to a specific target display. This is accomplished by tailoring the tone mapping of the content itself to the specific peak brightness capabilities of the target display to prevent clipping. The method of tone-mapping optimization is currently subjective.
MaxCLL (Maximum Content Light Level) uses a static metadata value to indicate the maximum light level of any single pixel (in cd/m2, also known as nits) of the entire playback sequence. There is often an algorithmic filter to eliminate false values occurring from processing or noise that could adversely affect intended downstream tone mapping.
MaxFALL (Maximum Frame Average Light Level) uses a static metadata value to indicate the maximum value of the frame average light level (in cd/m2, also known as nits) of the entire playback sequence. MaxFALL is calculated by first averaging the decoded luminance values of all the pixels in each frame, and then using the value for the frame with the highest value.
The MaxCLL and MaxFALL values are encoded as PNG four-byte unsigned integers.
[[CTA-861.3-A]] describes the method of calculation for generating the cLLI values, but does not specify any filtering. [[HDR-Static-Meta]] describes an improved method which rejects extreme values from statistical outliers, noise or ringing from resampling filters, and is recommended for practical implementations.
[[SMPTE-ST-2067-21]] Section 7.5 adds additional information in Section 7.5 in the case where the cLLI values are unknown and have not been calculated.
Issue #319 discusses tone-mapping behavior when the cLLI chunk is present.
Each frame is analyzed.
A value of zero for either MaxCLL or MaxFALL means that the value is unknown or not currently calculable.
An example where this will not be calculable is when creating a live animated PNG stream, when not all frames will be available to compute the values until the stream ends. The encoder may wish to use the value zero initially and replace this with the calculated value when the stream ends.
The following specifies the syntax of the cLLI chunk:
Name | Size | Divisor value |
---|---|---|
Maximum Content Light Level (MaxCLL) | 4 bytes | 0.0001 cd/m2 |
Maximum Frame-Average Light Level (MaxFALL) | 4 bytes | 0.0001 cd/m2 |
PNG provides the tEXt, iTXt, and zTXt chunks for storing text strings associated with the image, such as an image description or copyright notice. Keywords are used to indicate what each text string represents. Any number of such text chunks may appear, and more than one with the same keyword is permitted.
The following keywords are predefined and should be used where appropriate.
Keyword value | Description |
---|---|
Title | Short (one line) title or caption for image |
Author | Name of image's creator |
Description | Description of image (possibly long) |
Copyright | Copyright notice |
Creation Time | Time of original image creation |
Software | Software used to create the image |
Disclaimer | Legal disclaimer |
Warning | Warning of nature of content |
Source | Device used to create the image |
Comment | Miscellaneous comment |
XML:com.adobe.xmp | Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP) information, formatted as required by the XMP specification [[XMP]]. The use of iTXt, with Compression Flag set to 0, and both Language Tag and Translated Keyword set to the null string, are recommended for XMP compliance. |
Other keywords MAY be defined by any application for private or general interest.
Keywords SHOULD be .
Keywords of general interest SHOULD be listed in [[PNG-EXTENSIONS]].
Keywords shall contain only printable Latin-1 [[ISO_8859-1]] characters and spaces; that is, only code points 0x20-7E and 0xA1-FF are allowed. To reduce the chances for human misreading of a keyword, leading spaces, trailing spaces, and consecutive spaces are not permitted in keywords, nor is U+00A0 NON-BREAKING SPACE since it is visually indistinguishable from an ordinary space.
Keywords shall be spelled exactly as registered, so that decoders can use simple literal comparisons when looking for particular keywords. In particular, keywords are considered case-sensitive. Keywords are restricted to 1 to 79 bytes in length.
For the Creation Time keyword, the date format SHOULD be in the RFC 3339 [[rfc3339]] date-time format or in the date format defined in section 5.2.14 of RFC 1123 [[rfc1123]]. The RFC3339 date-time format is preferred. The actual format of this field is undefined.
The iTXt chunk uses the UTF-8 encoding [[rfc3629]] and can be used to convey characters in any language. There is an option to compress text strings in the iTXt chunk. iTXt is recommended for all text strings, as it supports Unicode. There are also tEXt and zTXt chunks, whose content is restricted to the printable Latin-1 character set plus U+000A LINE FEED (LF). Text strings in zTXt are compressed into zlib datastreams using deflate compression (see ).
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
74 45 58 74
Each tEXt chunk contains a keyword and a text string, in the format:
Keyword | 1-79 bytes (character string) |
Null separator | 1 byte (null character) |
Text string | 0 or more bytes (character string) |
The keyword and text string are separated by a zero byte (null character). Neither the keyword nor the text string may contain a null character. The text string is not null-terminated (the length of the chunk defines the ending). The text string may be of any length from zero bytes up to the maximum permissible chunk size less the length of the keyword and null character separator.
The keyword indicates the type of information represented by the text string as described in .
Text is interpreted according to the Latin-1 character set [[ISO_8859-1]]. The text string may contain any Latin-1 character. Newlines in the text string should be represented by a single linefeed character (decimal 10). Characters other than those defined in Latin-1 plus the linefeed character have no defined meaning in tEXt chunks. Text containing characters outside the repertoire of ISO/IEC 8859-1 should be encoded using the iTXt chunk.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
7A 54 58 74
The zTXt and tEXt chunks are semantically equivalent, but the zTXt chunk is recommended for storing large blocks of text.
A zTXt chunk contains:
Keyword | 1-79 bytes (character string) |
Null separator | 1 byte (null character) |
Compression method | 1 byte |
Compressed text datastream | n bytes |
The keyword and null character are the same as in the tEXt chunk. The keyword is not compressed. The compression method entry defines the compression method used. The only value defined in this International Standard is 0 (deflate compression). Other values are reserved for future standardization. The compression method entry is followed by the compressed text datastream that makes up the remainder of the chunk. For compression method 0, this datastream is a zlib datastream with deflate compression (see ). Decompression of this datastream yields Latin-1 text that is identical to the text that would be stored in an equivalent tEXt chunk.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
69 54 58 74
An iTXt chunk contains:
Keyword | 1-79 bytes (character string) |
Null separator | 1 byte (null character) |
Compression flag | 1 byte |
Compression method | 1 byte |
Language tag | 0 or more bytes (character string) |
Null separator | 1 byte (null character) |
Translated keyword | 0 or more bytes |
Null separator | 1 byte (null character) |
Text | 0 or more bytes |
The compression flag is 0 for uncompressed text, 1 for compressed text. Only the text field may be compressed. The compression method entry defines the compression method used. The only compression method defined in this specification is 0 (zlib datastream with deflate compression, see ). For uncompressed text, encoders shall set the compression method to 0, and decoders shall ignore it.
The language tag is a well-formed language tag defined by [[BCP47]]. Unlike the keyword, the language tag is
case-insensitive. Subtags must appear in the
IANA language subtag registry.
If the language tag is empty, the language is
unspecified. Examples of language tags include: en
, en-GB
, es-419
,
zh-Hans
, zh-Hans-CN
, tlh-Cyrl-AQ
, ar-AE-u-nu-latn
, and
x-private
.
The translated keyword and text both use the UTF-8 encoding [[rfc3629]], and neither shall contain a zero byte (null character). The text, unlike other textual data in this chunk, is not null-terminated; its length is derived from the chunk length.
Line breaks should not appear in the translated keyword. In the text, a newline should be represented by a single linefeed character (hexadecimal 0A). The remaining control characters (01-09, 0B-1F, 7F-9F) are discouraged in both the translated keyword and text. In UTF-8 there is a difference between the characters 80-9F (which are discouraged) and the bytes 80-9F (which are often necessary).
The translated keyword, if not empty, should contain a translation of the keyword into the language indicated by the language tag, and applications displaying the keyword should display the translated keyword in addition.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
62 4B 47 44
The bKGD chunk specifies a default background color to present the image against. If there is any other preferred background, either user-specified or part of a larger page (as in a browser), the bKGD chunk should be ignored. The bKGD chunk contains:
Color types 0 and 4 | |
---|---|
Greyscale | 2 bytes |
Color types 2 and 6 | |
Red | 2 bytes |
Green | 2 bytes |
Blue | 2 bytes |
Color type 3 | |
Palette index | 1 byte |
For color type 3 (indexed-color), the value is the palette index of the color to be used as background.
For color types 0 and 4 (greyscale, greyscale with alpha), the value is the grey level to be used as background in the range 0 to (2bitdepth)-1. For color types 2 and 6 (truecolor, truecolor with alpha), the values are the color to be used as background, given as RGB samples in the range 0 to (2bitdepth)-1. In each case, for consistency, two bytes per sample are used regardless of the image bit depth. If the image bit depth is less than 16, the least significant bits are used. Encoders should set the other bits to 0, and decoders must mask the other bits to 0 before the value is used.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
68 49 53 54
The hIST chunk contains a series of two-byte unsigned integers:
Frequency | 2 bytes (unsigned integer) |
...etc... |
The hIST chunk gives the approximate usage frequency of each color in the palette. A histogram chunk can appear only when a PLTE chunk appears. If a viewer is unable to provide all the colors listed in the palette, the histogram may help it decide how to choose a subset of the colors for display.
There shall be exactly one entry for each entry in the PLTE chunk. Each entry is proportional to the fraction of pixels in the image that have that palette index; the exact scale factor is chosen by the encoder.
Histogram entries are approximate, with the exception that a zero entry specifies that the corresponding palette entry is not used at all in the image. A histogram entry shall be nonzero if there are any pixels of that color.
NOTE When the palette is a suggested quantization of a truecolor image, the histogram is necessarily approximate, since a decoder may map pixels to palette entries differently than the encoder did. In this situation, zero entries should not normally appear, because any entry might be used.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
70 48 59 73
The pHYs chunk specifies the intended pixel size or aspect ratio for display of the image. It contains:
Name | Size |
---|---|
Pixels per unit, X axis | 4 bytes (PNG four-byte unsigned integer) |
Pixels per unit, Y axis | 4 bytes (PNG four-byte unsigned integer) |
Unit specifier | 1 byte |
The following values are defined for the unit specifier:
Value | Description |
---|---|
0 | unit is unknown |
1 | unit is the metre |
When the unit specifier is 0, the pHYs chunk defines pixel aspect ratio only; the actual size of the pixels remains unspecified.
If the pHYs chunk is not present, pixels are assumed to be square, and the physical size of each pixel is unspecified.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
73 50 4C 54
The sPLT chunk contains:
Name | Size |
---|---|
Palette name | 1-79 bytes (character string) |
Null separator | 1 byte (null character) |
Sample depth | 1 byte |
Red | 1 or 2 bytes |
Green | 1 or 2 bytes |
Blue | 1 or 2 bytes |
Alpha | 1 or 2 bytes |
Frequency | 2 bytes |
...etc... |
Each palette entry is six bytes or ten bytes containing five unsigned integers (red, blue, green, alpha, and frequency).
There may be any number of entries. A PNG decoder determines the number of entries from the length of the chunk remaining after the sample depth byte. This shall be divisible by 6 if the sPLT sample depth is 8, or by 10 if the sPLT sample depth is 16. Entries shall appear in decreasing order of frequency. There is no requirement that the entries all be used by the image, nor that they all be different.
The palette name can be any convenient name for referring to the palette (for example "256 color including Macintosh default", "256 color including Windows-3.1 default", "Optimal 512"). The palette name may aid the choice of the appropriate suggested palette when more than one appears in a PNG datastream.
The palette name is case-sensitive, and subject to the same restrictions as the keyword parameter for the tEXt chunk. Palette names shall contain only printable Latin-1 characters and spaces (only code points 0x20-7E and 0xA1-FF are allowed). Leading, trailing, and consecutive spaces are not permitted.
The sPLT sample depth shall be 8 or 16.
The red, green, blue, and alpha samples are either one or two bytes each, depending on the sPLT sample depth, regardless of the image bit depth. The color samples are not premultiplied by alpha, nor are they precomposited against any background. An alpha value of 0 means fully transparent. An alpha value of 255 (when the sPLT sample depth is 8) or 65535 (when the sPLT sample depth is 16) means fully opaque. The sPLT chunk may appear for any color type. Entries in sPLT use the same gamma value and chromaticity values as the PNG image, but may fall outside the range of values used in the color space of the PNG image; for example, in a greyscale PNG image, each sPLT entry would typically have equal red, green, and blue values, but this is not required. Similarly, sPLT entries can have non-opaque alpha values even when the PNG image does not use transparency.
Each frequency value is proportional to the fraction of the pixels in the image for which that palette entry is the closest match in RGBA space, before the image has been composited against any background. The exact scale factor is chosen by the PNG encoder; it is recommended that the resulting range of individual values reasonably fills the range 0 to 65535. A PNG encoder may artificially inflate the frequencies for colors considered to be "important", for example the colors used in a logo or the facial features of a portrait. Zero is a valid frequency meaning that the color is "least important" or that it is rarely, if ever, used. When all the frequencies are zero, they are meaningless, that is to say, nothing may be inferred about the actual frequencies with which the colors appear in the PNG image.
Multiple sPLT chunks are permitted, but each shall have a different palette name.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
65 58 49 66
The data segment of the eXIf chunk contains an Exif profile in the format specified in "4.7.2 Interoperability Structure of APP1 in Compressed Data" of [[CIPA-DC-008]] except that the JPEG APP1 marker, length, and the "Exif ID code" described in 4.7.2(C), i.e., "Exif", NULL, and padding byte, are not included.
The eXIf chunk size is constrained only by the maximum of 231-1 bytes imposed by the PNG specification. Only one eXIf chunk is allowed in a PNG datastream.
The eXIf chunk contains metadata concerning the original image data. If the image has been edited subsequent to creation of the Exif profile, this data might no longer apply to the PNG image data. It is recommended that unless a decoder has independent knowledge of the validity of the Exif data, the data should be considered to be of historical value only. It is beyond the scope of this specification to resolve potential conflicts between data in the eXIf chunk and in other PNG chunks.
While the PNG specification allows the chunk size to be as large as 231-1 bytes, application authors should be aware that, if the Exif profile is going to be written to a JPEG [[JPEG]] datastream, the total length of the eXIf chunk data may need to be adjusted to not exceed 216-9 bytes, so it can fit into a JPEG APP1 marker (Exif) segment.
The first two bytes of data are either "II" for little-endian (Intel) or "MM" for big-endian (Motorola) byte order. Decoders should check the first four bytes to ensure that they have the following hexadecimal values:
49 49 2A 00 (ASCII "II", 16-bit little-endian integer 42)
or
4D 4D 00 2A (ASCII "MM", 16-bit big-endian integer 42)
All other values are reserved for possible future definition.
Image editing applications should consider Paragraph E.3 of the Exif Specification [[CIPA-DC-008]], which discusses requirements for updating Exif data when the image is changed. Encoders should follow those requirements, but decoders should not assume that it has been accomplished.
While encoders may choose to update them, there is no expectation that any thumbnails present in the Exif profile have (or have not) been updated if the main image was changed.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
74 49 4D 45
The tIME chunk gives the time of the last image modification (not the time of initial image creation). It contains:
Name | Size |
---|---|
Year | 2 bytes (complete; for example, 1995, not 95) |
Month | 1 byte (1-12) |
Day | 1 byte (1-31) |
Hour | 1 byte (0-23) |
Minute | 1 byte (0-59) |
Second | 1 byte (0-60) (to allow for leap seconds) |
Universal Time (UTC) should be specified rather than local time.
The tIME chunk is intended for use as an automatically-applied time stamp that is updated whenever the image data are changed.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
61 63 54 4C
The acTL chunk declares that this is an animated PNG image, gives the number of frames, and the number of times to loop. It contains:
`num_frames` | 4 bytes |
`num_plays` | 4 bytes |
Each value is encoded as a PNG four-byte unsigned integer.
`num_frames` indicates the total number of frames in the animation. This must equal the number of fcTL chunks. 0 is not a valid value. 1 is a valid value, for a single-frame PNG. If this value does not equal the actual number of frames it should be treated as an error.
`num_plays` indicates the number of times that this animation should play; if it is 0, the animation should play indefinitely. If nonzero, the animation should come to rest on the final frame at the end of the last play.
The acTL chunk must appear before the first IDAT chunk within a valid PNG stream.
For Web compatibility, due to the long time between the development and deployment of this chunk and it's incorporation into the PNG specification, this chunk name is exceptionally defined as if it were a private chunk.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
66 63 54 4C
The fcTL chunk defines the dimensions, position, delay and disposal of an individual frame. Exactly one fcTL chunk chunk is required for each frame. It contains:
Name | Size |
---|---|
`sequence_number` | 4 bytes |
`width` | 4 bytes |
`height` | 4 bytes |
`x_offset` | 4 bytes |
`y_offset` | 4 bytes |
`delay_num` | 2 bytes |
`delay_den` | 2 bytes |
`dispose_op` | 1 byte |
`blend_op` | 1 byte |
`sequence_number` defines the sequence number of the animation chunk, starting from 0. It is encoded as a PNG four-byte unsigned integer.
`width` and `height` define the width and height of the following frame. They are encoded as PNG four-byte unsigned integers. They must be greater than zero.
`x_offset` and `y_offset` define the x and y position of the following frame. They are encoded as PNG four-byte unsigned integers. They must be greater than or equal to zero.
The frame must be rendered within the region defined by `x_offset`, `y_offset`, `width`, and `height`. This region may not fall outside of the default image; thus `x_offset` plus `width` must not be greater than the IHDR width; similarly `y_offset` plus `height` must not be greater than the IHDR height.
`delay_num` and `delay_den` define the numerator and denominator of the delay fraction; indicating the time to display the current frame, in seconds. If the denominator is 0, it is to be treated as if it were 100 (that is, `delay_num` then specifies 1/100ths of a second). If the the value of the numerator is 0 the decoder should render the next frame as quickly as possible, though viewers may impose a reasonable lower bound. They are encoded as two-byte unsigned integers.
Frame timings should be independent of the time required for decoding and display of each frame, so that animations will run at the same rate regardless of the performance of the decoder implementation.
`dispose_op` defines the type of frame area disposal to be done after rendering this frame; in other words, it specifies how the output buffer should be changed at the end of the delay (before rendering the next frame). It is encoded as a one-byte unsigned integer.
Valid values for `dispose_op` are:
0 | `APNG_DISPOSE_OP_NONE` |
1 | `APNG_DISPOSE_OP_BACKGROUND` |
2 | `APNG_DISPOSE_OP_PREVIOUS` |
If the first fcTL chunk uses a `dispose_op` of `APNG_DISPOSE_OP_PREVIOUS` it should be treated as `APNG_DISPOSE_OP_BACKGROUND`.
`blend_op` specifies whether the frame is to be alpha blended into the current output buffer content, or whether it should completely replace its region in the output buffer. It is encoded as a one-byte unsigned integer.
Valid values for `blend_op` are:
0 | `APNG_BLEND_OP_SOURCE` |
1 | `APNG_BLEND_OP_OVER` |
If `blend_op` is `APNG_BLEND_OP_SOURCE` all color components of the frame, including alpha, overwrite the current contents of the frame's output buffer region. If `blend_op` is `APNG_BLEND_OP_OVER` the frame should be composited onto the output buffer based on its alpha, using a simple OVER operation as described in Alpha Channel Processing. Note that the second variation of the sample code is applicable.
Note that for the first frame, the two blend modes are functionally equivalent due to the clearing of the output buffer at the beginning of each play.
The fcTL chunk corresponding to the default image, if it exists, has these restrictions:
As noted earlier, the output buffer must be completely initialized to fully transparent black at the beginning of each play. This is to ensure that each play of the animation will be identical. Decoders are free to avoid an explicit clear step as long as the result is guaranteed to be identical. For example, if the default image is included in the animation, and uses a `blend_op` of `APNG_BLEND_OP_SOURCE`, clearing is not necessary because the entire output buffer will be overwritten.
For Web compatibility, due to the long time between the development and deployment of this chunk and it's incorporation into the PNG specification, this chunk name is exceptionally defined as if it were a private chunk.
The four-byte chunk type field contains the hexadecimal values
66 64 41 54
The fdAT chunk serves the same purpose for animations as the IDAT chunks do for static images; the set of fdAT chunks contains the image data for all frames (or, for animations which include the static image as first frame, for all frames after the first one). It contains:
Name | Size |
---|---|
`sequence_number` | 4 bytes |
`frame_data` | n bytes |
At least one fdAT chunk is required for each frame, except for the first frame, if that frame is represented by an IDAT chunk.
The compressed datastream for each frame is then the concatenation, in ascending sequence number order, of the contents of the `frame_data` fields of all the fdAT chunks within a frame.
Because of the sequence number, fdAT chunks may not be of zero length); however the `frame_data` fields may be of zero length. When decompressed, the datastream is the complete pixel data of a PNG image, including the filter byte at the beginning of each scanline, similar to the uncompressed data of all the IDAT chunks. It utilizes the same bit depth, color type, compression method, filter method, interlace method, and palette (if any) as the static image.
Each frame inherits every property specified by any critical or ancillary chunks before the first IDAT chunk in the file, except the width and height, which come from the fcTL chunk.
If the PNG pHYs chunk is present, the APNG images and their `x_offset` and `y_offset` values must be scaled in the same way as the main image. Conceptually, such scaling occurs while mapping the output buffer onto the canvas.
For Web compatibility, due to the long time between the development and deployment of this chunk and it's incorporation into the PNG specification, this chunk name is exceptionally defined as if it were a private chunk.
This clause gives requirements and recommendations for encoder behavior. A PNG encoder shall produce a PNG datastream from a PNG image that conforms to the format specified in the preceding clauses. Best results will usually be achieved by following the additional recommendations given here.
See for a brief introduction to gamma issues.
PNG encoders capable of full color management will perform more sophisticated calculations than those described here and may choose to use the iCCP chunk. If it is known that the image samples conform to the sRGB specification [[SRGB]], encoders are strongly encouraged to write the sRGB chunk without performing additional gamma handling. In both cases it is recommended that an appropriate gAMA chunk be generated for use by PNG decoders that do not recognize the iCCP or sRGB chunks.
A PNG encoder has to determine:
The value to write in the gAMA chunk is that value which causes a PNG decoder to behave in the desired way. See .
The transform to be applied depends on the nature of the image samples and their precision. If the samples represent light intensity in floating-point or high precision integer form (perhaps from a computer graphics renderer), the encoder may perform gamma encoding (applying a power function with exponent less than 1) before quantizing the data to integer values for inclusion in the PNG datastream. This results in fewer banding artifacts at a given sample depth, or allows smaller samples while retaining the same visual quality. An intensity level expressed as a floating-point value in the range 0 to 1 can be converted to a datastream image sample by:
integer_sample = floor((2sampledepth-1) * intensityencoding_exponent + 0.5)
If the intensity in the equation is the desired output intensity, the encoding exponent is the gamma value to be used in the gAMA chunk.
If the intensity available to the PNG encoder is the original scene intensity, another transformation may be needed. There is sometimes a requirement for the displayed image to have higher contrast than the original source image. This corresponds to an end-to-end transfer function from original scene to display output with an exponent greater than 1. In this case:
gamma = encoding_exponent/end_to_end_exponent
If it is not known whether the conditions under which the original image was captured or calculated warrant such a contrast change, it may be assumed that the display intensities are proportional to original scene intensities, i.e. the end-to-end exponent is 1 and hence:
gamma = encoding_exponent
If the image is being written to a datastream only, the encoder is free to choose the encoding exponent. Choosing a value that causes the gamma value in the gAMA chunk to be 1/2.2 is often a reasonable choice because it minimizes the work for a PNG decoder displaying on a typical video monitor.
Some image renderers may simultaneously write the image to a PNG datastream and display it on-screen. The displayed pixels should be gamma corrected for the display system and viewing conditions in use, so that the user sees a proper representation of the intended scene.
If the renderer wants to write the displayed sample values to the PNG datastream, avoiding a separate gamma encoding step for the datastream, the renderer should approximate the transfer function of the display system by a power function, and write the reciprocal of the exponent into the gAMA chunk. This will allow a PNG decoder to reproduce what was displayed on screen for the originator during rendering.
However, it is equally reasonable for a renderer to compute displayed pixels appropriate for the display device, and to perform separate gamma encoding for data storage and transmission, arranging to have a value in the gAMA chunk more appropriate to the future use of the image.
Computer graphics renderers often do not perform gamma encoding, instead making sample values directly proportional to scene light intensity. If the PNG encoder receives sample values that have already been quantized into integer values, there is no point in doing gamma encoding on them; that would just result in further loss of information. The encoder should just write the sample values to the PNG datastream. This does not imply that the gAMA chunk should contain a gamma value of 1.0 because the desired end-to-end transfer function from scene intensity to display output intensity is not necessarily linear. However, the desired gamma value is probably not far from 1.0. It may depend on whether the scene being rendered is a daylight scene or an indoor scene, etc.
When the sample values come directly from a piece of hardware, the correct gAMA value can, in principle, be inferred from the transfer function of the hardware and lighting conditions of the scene. In the case of video digitizers ("frame grabbers"), the samples are probably in the sRGB color space, because the sRGB specification was designed to be compatible with modern video standards. Image scanners are less predictable. Their output samples may be proportional to the input light intensity since CCD sensors themselves are linear, or the scanner hardware may have already applied a power function designed to compensate for dot gain in subsequent printing (an exponent of about 0.57), or the scanner may have corrected the samples for display on a monitor. It may be necessary to refer to the scanner's manual or to scan a calibrated target in order to determine the characteristics of a particular scanner. It should be remembered that gamma relates samples to desired display output, not to scanner input.
Datastream format converters generally should not attempt to convert supplied images to a different gamma. The data should be stored in the PNG datastream without conversion, and the gamma value should be deduced from information in the source datastream if possible. Gamma alteration at datastream conversion time causes re-quantization of the set of intensity levels that are represented, introducing further roundoff error with little benefit. It is almost always better to just copy the sample values intact from the input to the output file.
If the source datastream describes the gamma characteristics of the image, a datastream converter is strongly encouraged to write a gAMA chunk. Some datastream formats specify the display exponent (the exponent of the function which maps image samples to display output rather than the other direction). If the source file's gamma value is greater than 1.0, it is probably a display exponent, and the reciprocal of this value should be used for the PNG gamma value. If the source file format records the relationship between image samples and a quantity other than display output, it will be more complex than this to deduce the PNG gamma value.
If a PNG encoder or datastream converter knows that the image has been displayed satisfactorily using a display system whose transfer function can be approximated by a power function with exponent display_exponent, the image can be marked as having the gamma value:
gamma = 1/display_exponent
It is better to write a gAMA chunk with a value that is approximately correct than to omit the chunk and force PNG decoders to guess an approximate gamma value. If a PNG encoder is unable to infer the gamma value, it is preferable to omit the gAMA chunk. If a guess has to be made this should be left to the PNG decoder.
gamma does not apply to alpha samples; alpha is always represented linearly.
See for references to color issues.
PNG encoders capable of full color management will perform more sophisticated calculations than those described here and may choose to use the iCCP chunk. If it is known that the image samples conform to the sRGB specification [[SRGB]], PNG encoders are strongly encouraged to use the sRGB chunk.
If it is possible for the encoder to determine the chromaticities of the source display primaries, or to make a strong guess based on the origin of the image, or the hardware running it, the encoder is strongly encouraged to output the cHRM chunk. If this is done, the gAMA chunk should also be written; decoders can do little with a cHRM chunk if the gAMA chunk is missing.
There are a number of recommendations and standards for primaries and white points, some of which are linked to particular technologies, for example the CCIR 709 standard [[ITU-R-BT.709]] and the SMPTE-C standard [[SMPTE-170M]].
There are three cases that need to be considered:
In the case of hand-drawn or digitally edited images, it is necessary to determine what monitor they were viewed on when being produced. Many image editing programs allow the type of monitor being used to be specified. This is often because they are working in some device-independent space internally. Such programs have enough information to write valid cHRM and gAMA chunks, and are strongly encouraged to do so automatically.
If the encoder is compiled as a portion of a computer image renderer that performs full-spectral rendering, the monitor values that were used to convert from the internal device-independent color space to RGB should be written into the cHRM chunk. Any colors that are outside the gamut of the chosen RGB device should be mapped to be within the gamut; PNG does not store out-of-gamut colors.
If the computer image renderer performs calculations directly in device-dependent RGB space, a cHRM chunk should not be written unless the scene description and rendering parameters have been adjusted for a particular monitor. In that case, the data for that monitor should be used to construct a cHRM chunk.
A few image formats store calibration information, which can be used to fill in the cHRM chunk. For example, TIFF 6.0 files [[?TIFF-6.0]] can optionally store calibration information, which if present should be used to construct the cHRM chunk.
Video created with recent video equipment probably uses the CCIR 709 primaries and D65 white point [[ITU-R-BT.709]], which are given in .
R | G | B | White | |
---|---|---|---|---|
x | 0.640 | 0.300 | 0.150 | 0.3127 |
y | 0.330 | 0.600 | 0.060 | 0.3290 |
An older but still very popular video standard is SMPTE-C [[SMPTE-170M]] given in .
R | G | B | White | |
---|---|---|---|---|
x | 0.630 | 0.310 | 0.155 | 0.3127 |
y | 0.340 | 0.595 | 0.070 | 0.3290 |
It is not recommended that datastream format converters attempt to convert supplied images to a different RGB color space. The data should be stored in the PNG datastream without conversion, and the source primary chromaticities should be recorded if they are known. Color space transformation at datastream conversion time is a bad idea because of gamut mismatches and rounding errors. As with gamma conversions, it is better to store the data losslessly and incur at most one conversion when the image is finally displayed.
The alpha channel can be regarded either as a mask that temporarily hides transparent parts of the image, or as a means for constructing a non-rectangular image. In the first case, the color values of fully transparent pixels should be preserved for future use. In the second case, the transparent pixels carry no useful data and are simply there to fill out the rectangular image area required by PNG. In this case, fully transparent pixels should all be assigned the same color value for best compression.
Image authors should keep in mind the possibility that a decoder will not support transparency control in full (see ). Hence, the colors assigned to transparent pixels should be reasonable background colors whenever feasible.
For applications that do not require a full alpha channel, or cannot afford the price in compression efficiency, the tRNS transparency chunk is also available.
If the image has a known background color, this color should be written in the bKGD chunk. Even decoders that ignore transparency may use the bKGD color to fill unused screen area.
If the original image has premultiplied (also called "associated") alpha data, it can be converted to PNG's non-premultiplied format by dividing each sample value by the corresponding alpha value, then multiplying by the maximum value for the image bit depth, and rounding to the nearest integer. In valid premultiplied data, the sample values never exceed their corresponding alpha values, so the result of the division should always be in the range 0 to 1. If the alpha value is zero, output black (zeroes).
When encoding input samples that have a sample depth that cannot be directly represented in PNG, the encoder shall scale the samples up to a sample depth that is allowed by PNG. The most accurate scaling method is the linear equation:
output = floor((input * MAXOUTSAMPLE / MAXINSAMPLE) + 0.5)
where the input samples range from 0 to MAXINSAMPLE and the outputs range from 0 to MAXOUTSAMPLE (which is 2sampledepth-1).
A close approximation to the linear scaling method is achieved by "left bit replication", which is shifting the valid bits to begin in the most significant bit and repeating the most significant bits into the open bits. This method is often faster to compute than linear scaling.
Assume that 5-bit samples are being scaled up to 8 bits. If the source sample value is 27 (in the range from 0-31), then the original bits are:
4 3 2 1 0 --------- 1 1 0 1 1
Left bit replication gives a value of 222:
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ---------------- 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 |=======| |===| | Leftmost Bits Repeated to Fill Open Bits | Original Bits
which matches the value computed by the linear equation. Left bit replication usually gives the same value as linear scaling, and is never off by more than one.
A distinctly less accurate approximation is obtained by simply left-shifting the input value and filling the low order bits with zeroes. This scheme cannot reproduce white exactly, since it does not generate an all-ones maximum value; the net effect is to darken the image slightly. This method is not recommended in general, but it does have the effect of improving compression, particularly when dealing with greater-than-8-bit sample depths. Since the relative error introduced by zero-fill scaling is small at high sample depths, some encoders may choose to use it. Zero-fill shall not be used for alpha channel data, however, since many decoders will treat alpha values of all zeroes and all ones as special cases. It is important to represent both those values exactly in the scaled data.
When the encoder writes an sBIT chunk, it is required to do the scaling in such a way that the high-order bits of the stored samples match the original data. That is, if the sBIT chunk specifies a sample depth of S, the high-order S bits of the stored data shall agree with the original S-bit data values. This allows decoders to recover the original data by shifting right. The added low-order bits are not constrained. All the above scaling methods meet this restriction.
When scaling up source image data, it is recommended that the low-order bits be filled consistently for all samples; that is, the same source value should generate the same sample value at any pixel position. This improves compression by reducing the number of distinct sample values. This is not a mandatory requirement, and some encoders may choose not to follow it. For example, an encoder might instead dither the low-order bits, improving displayed image quality at the price of increasing file size.
In some applications the original source data may have a range that is not a power of 2. The linear scaling equation still works for this case, although the shifting methods do not. It is recommended that an sBIT chunk not be written for such images, since sBIT suggests that the original data range was exactly 0..2S-1.
Suggested palettes may appear as sPLT chunks in any PNG datastream, or as a PLTE chunk in truecolor PNG datastreams. In either case, the suggested palette is not an essential part of the image data, but it may be used to present the image on indexed-color display hardware. Suggested palettes are of no interest to viewers running on truecolor hardware.
When an sPLT chunk is used to provide a suggested palette, it is recommended that the encoder use the frequency fields to indicate the relative importance of the palette entries, rather than leave them all zero (meaning undefined). The frequency values are most easily computed as "nearest neighbor" counts, that is, the approximate usage of each RGBA palette entry if no dithering is applied. (These counts will often be available "for free" as a consequence of developing the suggested palette.) Because the suggested palette includes transparency information, it should be computed for the un-composited image.
Even for indexed-color images, sPLT can be used to define alternative reduced palettes for viewers that are unable to display all the colors present in the PLTE chunk. If the PLTE chunk appears without the bKGD chunk in an image of color type 6, the circumstances under which the palette was computed are unspecified.
An older method for including a suggested palette in a truecolor PNG datastream uses the PLTE chunk. If this method is used, the histogram (frequencies) should appear in a separate hIST chunk. The PLTE chunk does not include transparency information. Hence for images of color type 6 (truecolor with alpha), it is recommended that a bKGD chunk appear and that the palette and histogram be computed with reference to the image as it would appear after compositing against the specified background color. This definition is necessary to ensure that useful palette entries are generated for pixels having fractional alpha values. The resulting palette will probably be useful only to viewers that present the image against the same background color. It is recommended that PNG editors delete or recompute the palette if they alter or remove the bKGD chunk in an image of color type 6.
For images of color type 2 (truecolor), it is recommended that the PLTE and hIST chunks be computed with reference to the RGB data only, ignoring any transparent-color specification. If the datastream uses transparency (has a tRNS chunk), viewers can easily adapt the resulting palette for use with their intended background color (see ).
For providing suggested palettes, the sPLT chunk is more flexible than the PLTE chunk in the following ways:
A PNG encoder that uses the sPLT chunk may choose to write a suggested palette represented by PLTE and hIST chunks as well, for compatibility with decoders that do not recognize the sPLT chunk.
This specification defines two interlace methods, one of which is no interlacing. Interlacing provides a convenient basis from which decoders can progressively display an image, as described in .
For images of color type 3 (indexed-color), filter type 0 (None) is usually the most effective. Color images with 256 or fewer colors should almost always be stored in indexed-color format; truecolor format is likely to be much larger.
Filter type 0 is also recommended for images of bit depths less than 8. For low-bit-depth greyscale images, in rare cases, better compression may be obtained by first expanding the image to 8-bit representation and then applying filtering.
For truecolor and greyscale images, any of the five filters may prove the most effective. If an encoder uses a fixed filter, the Paeth filter type is most likely to be the best.
For best compression of truecolor and greyscale images, and if compression efficiency is valued over speed of compression, the recommended approach is adaptive filtering in which a filter type is chosen for each scanline. Each unique image will have a different set of filters which perform best for it. An encoder could try every combination of filters to find what compresses best for a given image. However, when an exhaustive search is unacceptable, here are some general heuristics which may perform well enough: compute the output scanline using all five filters, and select the filter that gives the smallest sum of absolute values of outputs. (Consider the output bytes as signed differences for this test.) This method usually outperforms any single fixed filter type choice.
Filtering according to these recommendations is effective in conjunction with either of the two interlace methods defined in this specification.
The encoder may divide the compressed datastream into IDAT chunks however it wishes. (Multiple IDAT chunks are allowed so that encoders may work in a fixed amount of memory; typically the chunk size will correspond to the encoder's buffer size.) A PNG datastream in which each IDAT chunk contains only one data byte is valid, though remarkably wasteful of space. (Zero-length IDAT chunks are also valid, though even more wasteful.)
A nonempty keyword shall be provided for each text chunk. The generic keyword "Comment" can be used if no better description of the text is available. If a user-supplied keyword is used, encoders should check that it meets the restrictions on keywords.
The iTXt chunk uses the UTF-8 encoding of Unicode and thus can store text in any language. The tEXt and zTXt chunks use the Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1) character encoding, which limits the range of characters that can be used in these chunks. Encoders should prefer iTXt to tEXt and zTXt chunks, in order to allow a wide range of characters without data loss. Encoders must convert characters that use local legacy character encodings to the appropriate encoding when storing text.
When creating iTXt chunks, encoders should follow UTF-8 encode in [[[ENCODING]]].
Encoders should discourage the creation of single lines of text longer than 79 Unicode code points, in order to facilitate easy reading. It is recommended that text items less than 1024 bytes in size should be output using uncompressed text chunks. It is recommended that the basic title and author keywords be output using uncompressed text chunks. Placing large text chunks after the image data (after the IDAT chunks) can speed up image display in some situations, as the decoder will decode the image data first. It is recommended that small text chunks, such as the image title, appear before the IDAT chunks.
Encoders MAY use private chunks to carry information that need not be understood by other applications.
Encoders MAY use non-reserved field values for experimental or private use.
All ancillary chunks are optional, encoders need not write them. However, encoders are encouraged to write the standard ancillary chunks when the information is available.
This clause gives some requirements and recommendations for PNG decoder behavior and viewer behavior. A viewer presents the decoded PNG image to the user. Since viewer and decoder behavior are closely connected, decoders and viewers are treated together here. The only absolute requirement on a PNG decoder is that it successfully reads any datastream conforming to the format specified in the preceding chapters. However, best results will usually be achieved by following these additional recommendations.
PNG decoders shall support all valid combinations of bit depth, color type, compression method, filter method, and interlace method that are explicitly defined in this International Standard.
Errors in a PNG datastream will fall into two general classes, transmission errors and syntax errors (see ).
Examples of transmission errors are transmission in "text" or "ascii" mode, in which byte codes 13 and/or 10 may be added, removed, or converted throughout the datastream; unexpected termination, in which the datastream is truncated; or a physical error on a storage device, in which one or more blocks (typically 512 bytes each) will have garbled or random values. Some examples of syntax errors are an invalid value for a row filter, an invalid compression method, an invalid chunk length, the absence of a PLTE chunk before the first IDAT chunk in an indexed image, or the presence of multiple gAMA chunks. A PNG decoder should handle errors as follows:
Three classes of PNG chunks are relevant to this philosophy. For the purposes of this classification, an "unknown chunk" is either one whose type was genuinely unknown to the decoder's author, or one that the author chose to treat as unknown, because default handling of that chunk type would be sufficient for the program's purposes. Other chunks are called "known chunks". Given this definition, the three classes are as follows:
See for a description of chunk naming conventions.
PNG chunk types are marked "critical" or "ancillary" according to whether the chunks are critical for the purpose of extracting a viewable image (as with IHDR, PLTE, and IDAT) or critical to understanding the datastream structure (as with IEND). This is a specific kind of criticality and one that is not necessarily relevant to every conceivable decoder. For example, a program whose sole purpose is to extract text annotations (for example, copyright information) does not require a viewable image but should decode UTF-8 correctly. Another decoder might consider the tRNS and gAMA chunks essential to its proper execution.
Syntax errors always involve known chunks because syntax errors in unknown chunks cannot be detected. The PNG decoder has to determine whether a syntax error is fatal (unrecoverable) or not, depending on its requirements and the situation. For example, most decoders can ignore an invalid IEND chunk; a text-extraction program can ignore the absence of IDAT; an image viewer cannot recover from an empty PLTE chunk in an indexed image but it can ignore an invalid PLTE chunk in a truecolor image; and a program that extracts the alpha channel can ignore an invalid gAMA chunk, but may consider the presence of two tRNS chunks to be a fatal error. Anomalous situations other than syntax errors shall be treated as follows:
When a fatal condition occurs, the decoder should fail immediately, signal an error to the user if appropriate, and optionally continue displaying any image data already visible to the user (i.e. "fail gracefully"). The application as a whole need not terminate.
When a non-fatal error occurs, the decoder should signal a warning to the user if appropriate, recover from the error, and continue processing normally.
When decoding an indexed-color PNG, if out-of-range indexes are encountered, decoders have historically varied in their handling of this error. Displaying the pixel as opaque black is one common error recovery tactic, and is now required by this specification. Older implementations will vary, and so the behavior must not be relied on by encoders.
Decoders that do not compute CRCs should interpret apparent syntax errors as indications of corruption (see also ).
Errors in compressed chunks ( IDAT, zTXt, iTXt, iCCP) could lead to buffer overruns. Implementors of deflate decompressors should guard against this possibility.
APNG is designed to allow incremental display of frames before the entire datastream has been read. This implies that some errors may not be detected until partway through the animation. It is strongly recommended that when any error is encountered decoders should discard all subsequent frames, stop the animation, and revert to displaying the static image. A decoder which detects an error before the animation has started should display the static image. An error message may be displayed to the user if appropriate.
Decoders shall treat out-of-order APNG chunks as an error. APNG-aware PNG editors should restore them to correct order, using the sequence numbers.
The PNG error handling philosophy is described in .
An unknown chunk type is not to be treated as an error unless it is a critical chunk.
The chunk type can be checked for plausibility by seeing whether all four bytes are in the range codes 41-5A and 61-7A (hexadecimal); note that this need be done only for unrecognized chunk types. If the total datastream size is known (from file system information, HTTP protocol, etc), the chunk length can be checked for plausibility as well. If CRCs are not checked, dropped/added data bytes or an erroneous chunk length can cause the decoder to get out of step and misinterpret subsequent data as a chunk header.
For known-length chunks, such as IHDR, decoders should treat an unexpected chunk length as an error. Future extensions to this specification will not add new fields to existing chunks; instead, new chunk types will be added to carry new information.
Unexpected values in fields of known chunks (for example, an unexpected compression method in the IHDR chunk) shall be checked for and treated as errors. However, it is recommended that unexpected field values be treated as fatal errors only in critical chunks. An unexpected value in an ancillary chunk can be handled by ignoring the whole chunk as though it were an unknown chunk type. (This recommendation assumes that the chunk's CRC has been verified. In decoders that do not check CRCs, it is safer to treat any unexpected value as indicating a corrupted datastream.)
Standard PNG images shall be compressed with compression method 0. The compression method field of the IHDR chunk is provided for possible future standardization or proprietary variants. Decoders shall check this byte and report an error if it holds an unrecognized code. See for details.
A PNG datastream is composed of a collection of explicitly typed chunks. Chunks whose contents are defined by the specification could actually contain anything, including malicious code. Similarly there could be data after the IEND chunk which could contain anything, including malicious code. There is no known risk that such malicious code could be executed on the recipient's computer as a result of decoding the PNG image. However, a malicious application might hide such code inside an innocent-looking image file and then execute it.
The possible security risks associated with future chunk types cannot be specified at this time. Security issues will be considered when defining future public chunks. There is no additional security risk associated with unknown or unimplemented chunk types, because such chunks will be ignored, or at most be copied into another PNG datastream.
The iTXt, tEXt, and zTXt chunks contain keywords and data that are meant to be displayed as plain text. The iCCP and sPLT chunks contain keywords that are meant to be displayed as plain text. It is possible that if the decoder displays such text without filtering out control characters, especially the ESC (escape) character, certain systems or terminals could behave in undesirable and insecure ways. It is recommended that decoders filter out control characters to avoid this risk; see .
Every chunk begins with a length field, which makes it easier to write decoders that are invulnerable to fraudulent chunks that attempt to overflow buffers. The CRC at the end of every chunk provides a robust defence against accidentally corrupted data. The PNG signature bytes provide early detection of common file transmission errors.
A decoder that fails to check CRCs could be subject to data corruption. The only likely consequence of such corruption is incorrectly displayed pixels within the image. Worse things might happen if the CRC of the IHDR chunk is not checked and the width or height fields are corrupted. See .
A poorly written decoder might be subject to buffer overflow, because chunks can be extremely large, up to 231-1 bytes long. But properly written decoders will handle large chunks without difficulty.
Some image editing tools have historically performed redaction by merely setting the alpha channel of the redacted area to zero, without also removing the actual image data. Users who rely solely on the visual appearance of such images run a privacy risk because the actual image data can be easily recovered.
Similarly, some image editing tools have historically performed clipping by rewriting the width and height in IHDR without re-encoding the image data, which thus extends beyond the new width and height and may be recovered.
Images with eXIf chunks may contain automatically-included data, such as photographic GPS coordinates, which could be a privacy risk if the user is unaware that the PNG image contains this data. (Other image formats that contain EXIF, such as JPEG/JFIF, have the same privacy risk).
Decoders shall recognize chunk types by a simple four-byte literal comparison; it is incorrect to perform case conversion on chunk types. A decoder encountering an unknown chunk in which the ancillary bit is 1 may safely ignore the chunk and proceed to display the image. A decoder trying to extract the image, upon encountering an unknown chunk in which the ancillary bit is 0, indicating a critical chunk, shall indicate to the user that the image contains information it cannot safely interpret.
Decoders should test the properties of an unknown chunk type by numerically testing the specified bits. Testing whether a character is uppercase or lowercase is inefficient, and even incorrect if a locale-specific case definition is used.
Decoders should not flag an error if the reserved bit is set to 1, however, as some future version of the PNG specification could define a meaning for this bit. It is sufficient to treat a chunk with this bit set in the same way as any other unknown chunk type.
Decoders do not need to test the chunk type private bit, since it has no functional significance and is used to avoid conflicts between chunks defined by W3C and those defined privately.
All ancillary chunks are optional; decoders may ignore them. However, decoders are encouraged to interpret these chunks when appropriate and feasible.
Non-square pixels can be represented (see ), but viewers are not required to account for them; a viewer can present any PNG datastream as though its pixels are square.
Where the pixel aspect ratio of the display differs from the aspect ratio of the physical pixel dimensions defined in the PNG datastream, viewers are strongly encouraged to rescale images for proper display.
When the pHYs chunk has a unit specifier of 0 (unit is unknown), the behavior of a
decoder may depend on the ratio of the two pixels-per-unit values, but should not depend on their magnitudes. For example, a
pHYs chunk containing (ppuX, ppuY, unit) = (2, 1, 0)
is equivalent to one
containing (1000, 500, 0)
; both are equally valid indications that the image pixels are twice as tall as they
are wide.
One reasonable way for viewers to handle a difference between the pixel aspect ratios of the image and the display is to expand the image either horizontally or vertically, but not both. The scale factors could be obtained using the following floating-point calculations:
image_ratio = pHYs_ppuY / pHYs_ppuX
display_ratio = display_ppuY / display_ppuX
scale_factor_X = max(1.0, image_ratio/display_ratio)
scale_factor_Y = max(1.0, display_ratio/image_ratio)
Because other methods such as maintaining the image area are also reasonable, and because ignoring the pHYs chunk is permissible, authors should not assume that all viewing applications will use this scaling method.
As well as making corrections for pixel aspect ratio, a viewer may have reasons to perform additional scaling both horizontally and vertically. For example, a viewer might want to shrink an image that is too large to fit on the display, or to expand images sent to a high-resolution printer so that they appear the same size as they did on the display.
If practical, PNG decoders should have a way to display to the user all the iTXt, tEXt, and zTXt chunks found in the datastream. Even if the decoder does not recognize a particular text keyword, the user might be able to understand it.
When processing tEXt and zTXt chunks, decoders
could encounter characters other than those permitted. Some can be safely displayed (e.g., TAB, FF, and CR, hexadecimal 09,
0C, and 0D, respectively), but others, especially the ESC character (hexadecimal 1B), could pose a security hazard (because
unexpected actions may be taken by display hardware or software). Decoders should not attempt to directly display any
non-Latin-1 characters (except for newline and perhaps TAB, FF, CR) encountered in a tEXt
or zTXt chunk. Instead, they should be ignored or displayed in a visible notation such as
"\nnn
". See .
When processing iTXt chunks, decoders should follow UTF-8 decode in [[[ENCODING]]].
Even though encoders are recommended to represent newlines as linefeed (hexadecimal 0A), it is recommended that decoders not rely on this; it is best to recognize all the common newline combinations (CR, LF, and CR-LF) and display each as a single newline. TAB can be expanded to the proper number of spaces needed to arrive at a column multiple of 8.
Decoders running on systems with a non-Latin-1 legacy character encoding should remap character codes so that
Latin-1 characters are displayed correctly. Unsupported characters should be replaced with a system-appropriate replacement
character (such as U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER, U+003F QUESTION MARK, or U+001A SUB) or mapped to a visible notation such as
"\nnn
". Characters should be only displayed if they are printable characters on the decoding system. Some byte
values may be interpreted by the decoding system as control characters; for security, decoders running on such systems should
not display these control characters.
Decoders should be prepared to display text chunks that contain any number of printing characters between newline characters, even though it is recommended that encoders avoid creating lines in excess of 79 characters.
The compression technique used in this specification does not require the entire compressed datastream to be available before decompression can start. Display can therefore commence before the entire decompressed datastream is available. It is extremely unlikely that any general purpose compression methods in future versions of this specification will not have this property.
It is important to emphasize that IDAT chunk boundaries have no semantic significance and can occur at any point in the compressed datastream. There is no required correlation between the structure of the image data (for example, scanline boundaries) and deflate block boundaries or IDAT chunk boundaries. The complete image data is represented by a single zlib datastream that is stored in some number of IDAT chunks; a decoder that assumes any more than this is incorrect. Some encoder implementations may emit datastreams in which some of these structures are indeed related, but decoders cannot rely on this.
To reverse the effect of a filter, the decoder may need to use the decoded values of the prior pixel on the same line, the pixel immediately above the current pixel on the prior line, and the pixel just to the left of the pixel above. This implies that at least one scanline's worth of image data needs to be stored by the decoder at all times. Even though some filter types do not refer to the prior scanline, the decoder will always need to store each scanline as it is decoded, since the next scanline might use a filter type that refers to it. See .
Decoders are required to be able to read interlaced images. If the reference image contains fewer than five columns or fewer than five rows, some passes will be empty. Encoders and decoders shall handle this case correctly. In particular, filter type bytes are associated only with nonempty scanlines; no filter type bytes are present in an empty reduced image.
When receiving images over slow transmission links, viewers can improve perceived performance by displaying interlaced images progressively. This means that as each reduced image is received, an approximation to the complete image is displayed based on the data received so far. One simple yet pleasing effect can be obtained by expanding each received pixel to fill a rectangle covering the yet-to-be-transmitted pixel positions below and to the right of the received pixel. This process can be described by the following ISO C code [[ISO_9899]]:
/* variables declared and initialized elsewhere in the code: height, width functions or macros defined elsewhere in the code: visit(), min() */ int starting_row[7] = { 0, 0, 4, 0, 2, 0, 1 }; int starting_col[7] = { 0, 4, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0 }; int row_increment[7] = { 8, 8, 8, 4, 4, 2, 2 }; int col_increment[7] = { 8, 8, 4, 4, 2, 2, 1 }; int block_height[7] = { 8, 8, 4, 4, 2, 2, 1 }; int block_width[7] = { 8, 4, 4, 2, 2, 1, 1 }; int pass; long row, col; pass = 0; while (pass < 7) { row = starting_row[pass]; while (row < height) { col = starting_col[pass]; while (col < width) { visit(row, col, min(block_height[pass], height - row), min(block_width[pass], width - col)); col = col + col_increment[pass]; } row = row + row_increment[pass]; } pass = pass + 1; }
The function visit(row,column,height,width)
obtains the next transmitted pixel and paints a rectangle of the
specified height and width, whose upper-left corner is at the specified row and column, using the color indicated by the
pixel. Note that row and column are measured from 0,0 at the upper left corner.
If the viewer is merging the received image with a background image, it may be more convenient just to paint the received
pixel positions (the visit()
function sets only the pixel at the specified row and column, not the whole
rectangle). This produces a "fade-in" effect as the new image gradually replaces the old. An advantage of this approach is
that proper alpha or transparency processing can be done as each pixel is replaced. Painting a rectangle as described above
will overwrite background-image pixels that may be needed later, if the pixels eventually received for those positions turn
out to be wholly or partially transparent. This is a problem only if the background image is not stored anywhere
offscreen.
To achieve PNG's goal of universal interchangeability, decoders shall accept all types of PNG image: indexed-color, truecolor, and greyscale. Viewers running on indexed-color display hardware need to be able to reduce truecolor images to indexed-color for viewing. This process is called "color quantization".
A simple, fast method for color quantization is to reduce the image to a fixed palette. Palettes with uniform color spacing ("color cubes") are usually used to minimize the per-pixel computation. For photograph-like images, dithering is recommended to avoid ugly contours in what should be smooth gradients; however, dithering introduces graininess that can be objectionable.
The quality of rendering can be improved substantially by using a palette chosen specifically for the image, since a color cube usually has numerous entries that are unused in any particular image. This approach requires more work, first in choosing the palette, and second in mapping individual pixels to the closest available color. PNG allows the encoder to supply suggested palettes, but not all encoders will do so, and the suggested palettes may be unsuitable in any case (they may have too many or too few colors). Therefore, high-quality viewers will need to have a palette selection routine at hand. A large lookup table is usually the most feasible way of mapping individual pixels to palette entries with adequate speed.
Numerous implementations of color quantization are available. The PNG sample implementation, libpng (http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/libpng.html
), includes code for
the purpose.
Decoders may wish to scale PNG data to a lesser sample depth (data precision) for display. For example, 16-bit data will need to be reduced to 8-bit depth for use on most present-day display hardware. Reduction of 8-bit data to 5-bit depth is also common.
The most accurate scaling is achieved by the linear equation
output = floor((input * MAXOUTSAMPLE / MAXINSAMPLE) + 0.5)
where
MAXINSAMPLE = (2sampledepth)-1
MAXOUTSAMPLE = (2desired_sampledepth)-1
A slightly less accurate conversion is achieved by simply shifting right by (sampledepth -
desired_sampledepth)
places. For example, to reduce 16-bit samples to 8-bit, the low-order byte can be discarded. In
many situations the shift method is sufficiently accurate for display purposes, and it is certainly much faster. (But if
gamma correction is being done, sample rescaling can be merged into the gamma correction lookup table, as is
illustrated in .)
If the decoder needs to scale samples up (for example, if the frame buffer has a greater sample depth than the PNG image), it should use linear scaling or left-bit-replication as described in .
When an sBIT chunk is present, the reference image data can be recovered by shifting right to the sample depth specified by sBIT. Note that linear scaling will not necessarily reproduce the original data, because the encoder is not required to have used linear scaling to scale the data up. However, the encoder is required to have used a method that preserves the high-order bits, so shifting always works. This is the only case in which shifting might be said to be more accurate than linear scaling. A decoder need not pay attention to the sBIT chunk; the stored image is a valid PNG datastream of the sample depth indicated by the IHDR chunk; however, using sBIT to recover the original samples before scaling them to suit the display often yields a more accurate display than ignoring sBIT.
When comparing pixel values to tRNS chunk values to detect transparent pixels, the comparison shall be done exactly. Therefore, transparent pixel detection shall be done before reducing sample precision.
See for a brief introduction to gamma issues.
Viewers capable of full color management will perform more sophisticated calculations than those described here.
For an image display program to produce correct tone reproduction, it is necessary to take into account the relationship between samples and display output, and the transfer function of the display system. This can be done by calculating:
sample = integer_sample / (2sampledepth - 1.0)
display_output = sample1.0/gamma
display_input = inverse_display_transfer(display_output)
framebuf_sample = floor((display_input * MAX_FRAMEBUF_SAMPLE)+0.5)
where integer_sample is the sample value from the datastream, framebuf_sample is the value to write into the frame buffer, and MAX_FRAMEBUF_SAMPLE is the maximum value of a frame buffer sample (255 for 8-bit, 31 for 5-bit, etc). The first line converts an integer sample into a normalized floating point value (in the range 0.0 to 1.0), the second converts to a value proportional to the desired display output intensity, the third accounts for the display system's transfer function, and the fourth converts to an integer frame buffer sample. Zero raised to any positive power is zero.
A step could be inserted between the second and third to adjust display_output to account for the difference between the actual viewing conditions and the reference viewing conditions. However, this adjustment requires accounting for veiling glare, black mapping, and color appearance models, none of which can be well approximated by power functions. Such calculations are not described here. If viewing conditions are ignored, the error will usually be small.
The display transfer function can typically be approximated by a power function with exponent display_exponent, in which case the second and third lines can be merged into:
display_input = sample1.0/(gamma * display_exponent) = sampledecoding_exponent
so as to perform only one power calculation. For color images, the entire calculation is performed separately for R, G, and B values.
The gamma value can be taken directly from the gAMA chunk. Alternatively, an application may wish to allow the user to adjust the appearance of the displayed image by influencing the gamma value. For example, the user could manually set a parameter user_exponent which defaults to 1.0, and the application could set:
gamma = gamma_from_file / user_exponent
decoding_exponent = 1.0 / (gamma * display_exponent)
= user_exponent / (gamma_from_file * display_exponent)
The user would set user_exponent greater than 1 to darken the mid-level tones, or less than 1 to lighten them.
A gAMA chunk containing zero is meaningless but could appear by mistake. Decoders should ignore it, and editors may discard it and issue a warning to the user.
It is not necessary to perform a transcendental mathematical computation for every pixel. Instead, a lookup table can be computed that gives the correct output value for every possible sample value. This requires only 256 calculations per image (for 8-bit accuracy), not one or three calculations per pixel. For an indexed-color image, a one-time correction of the palette is sufficient, unless the image uses transparency and is being displayed against a nonuniform background.
If floating-point calculations are not possible, gamma correction tables can be computed using integer arithmetic and a precomputed table of logarithms. Example code appears in [[PNG-EXTENSIONS]].
When the incoming image has unknown gamma value (gAMA, sRGB, and iCCP all absent), standalone image viewers should choose a likely default gamma value, but allow the user to select a new one if the result proves too dark or too light. The default gamma value may depend on other knowledge about the image, for example whether it came from the Internet or from the local system. For consistency, viewers for document formats such as HTML, or vector graphics such as SVG, should treat embedded or linked PNG images with unknown gamma value in the same way that they treat other untagged images.
In practice, it is often difficult to determine what value of display exponent should be used. In systems with no built-in gamma correction, the display exponent is determined entirely by the CRT. A display exponent of 2.2 should be used unless detailed calibration measurements are available for the particular CRT used.
Many modern frame buffers have lookup tables that are used to perform gamma correction, and on these systems the display exponent value should be the exponent of the lookup table and CRT combined. It may not be possible to find out what the lookup table contains from within the viewer application, in which case it may be necessary to ask the user to supply the display system's exponent value. Unfortunately, different manufacturers use different ways of specifying what should go into the lookup table, so interpretation of the system gamma value is system-dependent.
The response of real displays is actually more complex than can be described by a single number (the display exponent). If actual measurements of the monitor's light output as a function of voltage input are available, the third and fourth lines of the computation above can be replaced by a lookup in these measurements, to find the actual frame buffer value that most nearly gives the desired brightness.
See for references to color issues.
In many cases, the image data in PNG datastreams will be treated as device-dependent RGB values and displayed without modification (except for appropriate gamma correction). This provides the fastest display of PNG images. But unless the viewer uses exactly the same display hardware as that used by the author of the original image, the colors will not be exactly the same as those seen by the original author, particularly for darker or near-neutral colors. The cHRM chunk provides information that allows closer color matching than that provided by gamma correction alone.
The cHRM data can be used to transform the image data from RGB to XYZ and thence into a perceptually linear color space such as CIE LAB. The colors can be partitioned to generate an optimal palette, because the geometric distance between two colors in CIE LAB is strongly related to how different those colors appear (unlike, for example, RGB or XYZ spaces). The resulting palette of colors, once transformed back into RGB color space, could be used for display or written into a PLTE chunk.
Decoders that are part of image processing applications might also transform image data into CIE LAB space for analysis.
In applications where color fidelity is critical, such as product design, scientific visualization, medicine, architecture, or advertising, PNG decoders can transform the image data from source RGB to the display RGB space of the monitor used to view the image. This involves calculating the matrix to go from source RGB to XYZ and the matrix to go from XYZ to display RGB, then combining them to produce the overall transformation. The PNG decoder is responsible for implementing gamut mapping.
Decoders running on platforms that have a Color Management System (CMS) can pass the image data, gAMA, and cHRM values to the CMS for display or further processing.
PNG decoders that provide color printing facilities can use the facilities in Level 2 PostScript to specify image data in calibrated RGB space or in a device-independent color space such as XYZ. This will provide better color fidelity than a simple RGB to CMYK conversion. The PostScript Language Reference manual [[?PostScript]] gives examples. Such decoders are responsible for implementing gamut mapping between source RGB (specified in the cHRM chunk) and the target printer. The PostScript interpreter is then responsible for producing the required colors.
PNG decoders can use the cHRM data to calculate an accurate greyscale representation of a color image. Conversion from RGB to grey is simply a case of calculating the Y (luminance) component of XYZ, which is a weighted sum of R, G, and B values. The weights depend upon the monitor type, i.e. the values in the cHRM chunk. PNG decoders may wish to do this for PNG datastreams with no cHRM chunk. In this case, a reasonable default would be the CCIR 709 primaries [[ITU-R-BT.709]]. The original NTSC primaries should not be used unless the PNG image really was color-balanced for such a monitor.
The background color given by the bKGD chunk will typically be used to fill unused screen space around the image, as well as any transparent pixels within the image. (Thus, bKGD is valid and useful even when the image does not use transparency.) If no bKGD chunk is present, the viewer will need to decide upon a suitable background color. When no other information is available, a medium grey such as 153 in the 8-bit sRGB color space would be a reasonable choice. Transparent black or white text and dark drop shadows, which are common, would all be legible against this background.
Viewers that have a specific background against which to present the image (such as web browsers) should ignore the bKGD chunk, in effect overriding bKGD with their preferred background color or background image.
The background color given by the bKGD chunk is not to be considered transparent, even if it happens to match the color given by the tRNS chunk (or, in the case of an indexed-color image, refers to a palette index that is marked as transparent by the tRNS chunk). Otherwise one would have to imagine something "behind the background" to composite against. The background color is either used as background or ignored; it is not an intermediate layer between the PNG image and some other background.
Indeed, it will be common that the bKGD and tRNS chunks specify the same color, since then a decoder that does not implement transparency processing will give the intended display, at least when no partially-transparent pixels are present.
The alpha channel can be used to composite a foreground image against a background image. The PNG datastream defines the foreground image and the transparency mask, but not the background image. PNG decoders are not required to support this most general case. It is expected that most will be able to support compositing against a single background color.
The equation for computing a composited sample value is:
output = alpha * foreground + (1-alpha) * background
where alpha and the input and output sample values are expressed as fractions in the range 0 to 1. This computation should be performed with intensity samples (not gamma-encoded samples). For color images, the computation is done separately for R, G, and B samples.
The following code illustrates the general case of compositing a foreground image against a background image. It assumes that the original pixel data are available for the background image, and that output is to a frame buffer for display. Other variants are possible; see the comments below the code. The code allows the sample depths and gamma values of foreground image and background image all to be different and not necessarily suited to the display system. In practice no assumptions about equality should be made without first checking.
This code is ISO C [[ISO_9899]], with line numbers added for reference in the comments below.
01 int foreground[4]; /* image pixel: R, G, B, A */ 02 int background[3]; /* background pixel: R, G, B */ 03 int fbpix[3]; /* frame buffer pixel */ 04 int fg_maxsample; /* foreground max sample */ 05 int bg_maxsample; /* background max sample */ 06 int fb_maxsample; /* frame buffer max sample */ 07 int ialpha; 08 float alpha, compalpha; 09 float gamfg, linfg, gambg, linbg, comppix, gcvideo; /* Get max sample values in data and frame buffer */ 10 fg_maxsample = (1 << fg_sample_depth) - 1; 11 bg_maxsample = (1 << bg_sample_depth) - 1; 12 fb_maxsample = (1 << frame_buffer_sample_depth) - 1; /* * Get integer version of alpha. * Check for opaque and transparent special cases; * no compositing needed if so. * * We show the whole gamma decode/correct process in * floating point, but it would more likely be done * with lookup tables. */ 13 ialpha = foreground[3]; 14 if (ialpha == 0) { /* * Foreground image is transparent here. * If the background image is already in the frame * buffer, there is nothing to do. */ 15 ; 16 } else if (ialpha == fg_maxsample) { /* * Copy foreground pixel to frame buffer. */ 17 for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) { 18 gamfg = (float) foreground[i] / fg_maxsample; 19 linfg = pow(gamfg, 1.0 / fg_gamma); 20 comppix = linfg; 21 gcvideo = pow(comppix, 1.0 / display_exponent); 22 fbpix[i] = (int) (gcvideo * fb_maxsample + 0.5); 23 } 24 } else { /* * Compositing is necessary. * Get floating-point alpha and its complement. * Note: alpha is always linear; gamma does not * affect it. */ 25 alpha = (float) ialpha / fg_maxsample; 26 compalpha = 1.0 - alpha; 27 for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) { /* * Convert foreground and background to floating * point, then undo gamma encoding. */ 28 gamfg = (float) foreground[i] / fg_maxsample; 29 linfg = pow(gamfg, 1.0 / fg_gamma); 30 gambg = (float) background[i] / bg_maxsample;
31 linbg = pow(gambg, 1.0 / bg_gamma); /* * Composite. */ 32 comppix = linfg * alpha + linbg * compalpha; /* * Gamma correct for display. * Convert to integer frame buffer pixel. */ 33 gcvideo = pow(comppix, 1.0 / display_exponent); 34 fbpix[i] = (int) (gcvideo * fb_maxsample + 0.5); 35 } 36 }
Variations:
/* * Gamma encode for storage in output datastream. * Convert to integer sample value. */ gamout = pow(comppix, outfile_gamma); outpix[i] = (int) (gamout * out_maxsample + 0.5);Also, it becomes necessary to process background pixels when alpha is zero, rather than just skipping pixels. Thus, line 15 will need to be replaced by copies of lines 17-23, but processing background instead of foreground pixel values.
/* * Convert frame buffer value into intensity sample. */ gcvideo = (float) fbpix[i] / fb_maxsample; linbg = pow(gcvideo, display_exponent);However, some roundoff error can result, so it is better to have the original background pixels available if at all possible.
NOTE In floating point, no overflow or underflow checks are needed, because the input sample values are guaranteed to be between 0 and 1, and compositing always yields a result that is in between the input values (inclusive). With integer arithmetic, some roundoff-error analysis might be needed to guarantee no overflow or underflow.
When displaying a PNG image with full alpha channel, it is important to be able to composite the image against some background, even if it is only black. Ignoring the alpha channel will cause PNG images that have been converted from an associated-alpha representation to look wrong. (Of course, if the alpha channel is a separate transparency mask, then ignoring alpha is a useful option: it allows the hidden parts of the image to be recovered.)
Even if the decoder does not implement true compositing logic, it is simple to deal with images that contain only zero and one alpha values. (This is implicitly true for greyscale and truecolor PNG datastreams that use a tRNS chunk; for indexed-color PNG datastreams it is easy to check whether the tRNS chunk contains any values other than 0 and 255.) In this simple case, transparent pixels are replaced by the background color, while others are unchanged.
If a decoder contains only this much transparency capability, it should deal with a full alpha channel by treating all nonzero alpha values as fully opaque or by dithering. Neither approach will yield very good results for images converted from associated-alpha formats, but this is preferable to doing nothing. Dithering full alpha to binary alpha is very much like dithering greyscale to black-and-white, except that all fully transparent and fully opaque pixels should be left unchanged by the dither.
For viewers running on indexed-color hardware attempting to display a truecolor image, or an indexed-color image whose palette is too large for the frame buffer, the encoder may have provided one or more suggested palettes in sPLT chunks. If one of these is found to be suitable, based on size and perhaps name, the PNG decoder can use that palette. Suggested palettes with a sample depth different from what the decoder needs can be converted using sample depth rescaling (see ).
When the background is a solid color, the viewer should composite the image and the suggested palette against that color, then quantize the resulting image to the resulting RGB palette. When the image uses transparency and the background is not a solid color, no suggested palette is likely to be useful.
For truecolor images, a suggested palette might also be provided in a PLTE chunk. If the image has a tRNS chunk and the background is a solid color, the viewer will need to adapt the suggested palette for use with its desired background color. To do this, the palette entry closest to the tRNS color should be replaced with the desired background color; or alternatively a palette entry for the background color can be added, if the viewer can handle more colors than there are PLTE entries.
For images of color type 6 (truecolor with alpha), any PLTE chunk should have been designed for display of the image against a uniform background of the color specified by the bKGD chunk. Viewers should probably ignore the palette if they intend to use a different background, or if the bKGD chunk is missing. Viewers can use a suggested palette for display against a different background than it was intended for, but the results may not be very good.
If the viewer presents a transparent truecolor image against a background that is more complex than a uniform color, it is unlikely that the suggested palette will be optimal for the composite image. In this case it is best to perform a truecolor compositing step on the truecolor PNG image and background image, then color-quantize the resulting image.
In truecolor PNG datastreams, if both PLTE and sPLT chunks appear, the PNG decoder may choose from among the palettes suggested by both, bearing in mind the different transparency semantics described above.
The frequencies in the sPLT and hIST chunks are useful when the viewer cannot provide as many colors as are used in the palette in the PNG datastream. If the viewer has a shortfall of only a few colors, it is usually adequate to drop the least-used colors from the palette. To reduce the number of colors substantially, it is best to choose entirely new representative colors, rather than trying to use a subset of the existing palette. This amounts to performing a new color quantization step; however, the existing palette and histogram can be used as the input data, thus avoiding a scan of the image data in the IDAT chunks.
If no suggested palette is provided, a decoder can develop its own, at the cost of an extra pass over the image data in the IDAT chunks. Alternatively, a default palette (probably a color cube) can be used.
Authors are encouraged to look existing chunk types in both this specification and [[PNG-EXTENSIONS]] before considering introducing a new chunk types. The chunk types at [[PNG-EXTENSIONS]] are expected to be less widely supported than those defined in this specification.
Two examples of PNG editors are a program that adds or modifies text chunks, and a program that adds a suggested palette to a truecolor PNG datastream. Ordinary image editors are not PNG editors because they usually discard all unrecognized information while reading in an image.
To allow new chunk types to be added to PNG, it is necessary to establish rules about the ordering requirements for all chunk types. Otherwise a PNG editor does not know what to do when it encounters an unknown chunk.
EXAMPLE Consider a hypothetical new ancillary chunk type that is safe-to-copy and is required to appear after PLTE if PLTE is present. If a program attempts to add a PLTE chunk and does not recognize the new chunk, it may insert the PLTE chunk in the wrong place, namely after the new chunk. Such problems could be prevented by requiring PNG editors to discard all unknown chunks, but that is a very unattractive solution. Instead, PNG requires ancillary chunks not to have ordering restrictions like this.
To prevent this type of problem while allowing for future extension, constraints are placed on both the behavior of PNG editors and the allowed ordering requirements for chunks. The safe-to-copy bit defines the proper handling of unrecognized chunks in a datastream that is being modified.
The rules governing ordering of chunks are as follows.
These rules are expressed in terms of copying chunks from an input datastream to an output datastream, but they apply in the obvious way if a PNG datastream is modified in place.
PNG editors that do not change the image data should not change the tIME chunk. The Creation Time keyword in the tEXt, zTXt, and iTXt chunks may be used for a user-supplied time.
Critical chunks may have arbitrary ordering requirements, because PNG editors are required to terminate if they encounter unknown critical chunks. For example IHDR has the specific ordering rule that it shall always appear first. A PNG editor, or indeed any PNG-writing program, shall know and follow the ordering rules for any critical chunk type that it can generate.
The strictest ordering rules for an ancillary chunk type are:
The actual ordering rules for any particular ancillary chunk type may be weaker. See for example the ordering rules for the standard ancillary chunk types in .
Decoders shall not assume more about the positioning of any ancillary chunk than is specified by the chunk ordering rules. In particular, it is never valid to assume that a specific ancillary chunk type occurs with any particular positioning relative to other ancillary chunks.
EXAMPLE It is unsafe to assume that a particular private ancillary chunk occurs immediately before IEND. Even if it is always written in that position by a particular application, a PNG editor might have inserted some other ancillary chunk after it. But it is safe to assume that the chunk will remain somewhere between IDAT and IEND.
This clause addresses conformance of PNG datastreams, PNG encoders, PNG decoders, and PNG editors.
The primary objectives of the specifications in this clause are:
Conformance is defined for PNG datastreams and for PNG encoders, decoders, and editors.
This clause addresses the PNG datastream and implementation requirements including the range of allowable differences for PNG encoders, PNG decoders, and PNG editors. This clause does not directly address the environmental, performance, or resource requirements of the encoder, decoder, or editor.
The scope of this clause is limited to rules for the open interchange of PNG datastreams.
A PNG datastream conforms to this specification if the following conditions are met.
A PNG encoder conforms to this specification if it satisfies the following conditions.
A PNG decoder conforms to this specification if it satisfies the following conditions.
A PNG editor conforms to this specification if it satisfies the following conditions.
This updates the existing image/png Internet Media type, under the image top level type. This appendix is in conformance with BCP 13 and W3CRegMedia.
A PNG document is composed of a collection of explicitly typed "chunks". For each of the chunk types defined in the PNG specification (except for gIFx), the only effect associated with those chunks is to cause an image to be rendered on the recipient's display or printer.
The gIFx chunk type is used to encapsulate Application Extension data, and some use of that data might present security risks, though no risks are known. Likewise, the security risks associated with future chunk types cannot be evaluated, particularly unregistered chunks. However, it is the intention of the PNG Working Group to disallow chunks containing "executable" data to become registered chunks.
The text chunks, tEXt, iTXT and zTXt, contain data that can be displayed in the form of comments, etc. Some operating systems or terminals might allow the display of textual data with embedded control characters to perform operations such as re-mapping of keys, creation of files, etc. For this reason, the specification recommends that the text chunks be filtered for control characters before direct display.
The PNG format is specifically designed to facilitate early detection of file transmission errors, and makes use of cyclical redundancy checks to ensure the integrity of the data contained in its chunks.
This registration updates the earlier one:
This appendix is in conformance with BCP 13 and W3CRegMedia.
An APNG document is composed of a collection of explicitly typed "chunks". For each of the chunk types defined in the PNG specification (except for gIFx), the only effect associated with those chunks is to cause an animated image to be rendered on the recipient's display.
The gIFx chunk type is used to encapsulate Application Extension data, and some use of that data might present security risks, though no risks are known. Likewise, the security risks associated with future chunk types cannot be evaluated, particularly unregistered chunks. However, it is the intention of the PNG Working Group to disallow chunks containing "executable" data to become registered chunks.
The text chunks, tEXt, iTXt and zTXt, contain data that can be displayed in the form of comments, etc. Some operating systems or terminals might allow the display of textual data with embedded control characters to perform operations such as re-mapping of keys, creation of files, etc. For this reason, the specification recommends that the text chunks be filtered for control characters before direct display.
The PNG format is specifically designed to facilitate early detection of file transmission errors, and makes use of cyclical redundancy checks to ensure the integrity of the data contained in its chunks.
If one creates an APNG file with unrelated static image and animated image chunks, somebody using a tool not supporting the APNG format would only see the static image and be unaware of the additional content. This could be used e.g. to bypass moderation.
image/apng has been in widespread, unregistered use since 2015. Animated PNG was not part of the official PNG specification until 2022. This registration, plus the PNG specification (3rd Edition) brings official documentation into alignment with already widely-deployed reality.
The following specifies guidelines for the definition of private chunks:
A gamma value is a numerical parameter used to describe approximations to certain non-linear transfer functions encountered in image capture and reproduction. The gamma value is the exponent in a power law function. For example the function:
intensity = (voltage + constant)exponent
which is used to model the non-linearity of CRT displays. It is often assumed, as in this International Standard, that the constant is zero.
For the purposes of this specification, it is convenient to consider five places in a general image pipeline at which non-linear transfer functions may occur and which may be modelled by power laws. The characteristic exponent associated with each is given a specific name.
input_exponent | the exponent of the image sensor. |
encoding_exponent | the exponent of any transfer function performed by the process or device writing the datastream. |
decoding_exponent | the exponent of any transfer function performed by the software reading the image datastream. |
LUT_exponent | the exponent of the transfer function applied between the frame buffer and the display device (typically this is applied by a Look Up Table). |
output_exponent | the exponent of the display device. For a CRT, this is typically a value close to 2.2. |
It is convenient to define some additional entities that describe some composite transfer functions, or combinations of stages.
display_exponent |
exponent of the transfer function applied between the frame buffer and the display surface of the display
device.display_exponent = LUT_exponent * output_exponent
|
gamma | exponent of the function mapping display output intensity to samples in the PNG datastream.gamma = 1.0 / (decoding_exponent * display_exponent) |
end_to_end_exponent | the exponent of the function mapping image sensor input intensity to display output intensity. This is generally a value in the range 1.0 to 1.5. |
The PNG gAMA chunk is used to record the gamma value. This information may be used by decoders together with additional information about the display environment in order to achieve, or approximate, the desired display output.
Additional information about this subject may be found [[?GAMMA-FAQ]].
Additional information on the impact of color space on image encoding may be found in [[?Kasson]] and [[?Hill]].
Background information about chromaticity and color spaces may be found in [[?Luminance-Chromaticity]] and [[?COLOR-FAQ]].
The following sample code — which is informative — represents a practical implementation of the CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) employed in PNG chunks. (See also ISO 3309 [[ISO-3309]] or ITU-T V.42 [[ITU-T-V.42]] for a formal specification.)
The sample code is in the ISO C [[ISO_9899]] programming language. The hints in may help non-C users to read the code more easily.
Operator | Description |
---|---|
&
|
Bitwise AND operator. |
^
|
Bitwise exclusive-OR operator. |
>>
|
Bitwise right shift operator. When applied to an unsigned quantity, as here, right shift inserts zeroes at the left. |
!
|
Logical NOT operator. |
++
|
"n++ " increments the variable n. In "for" loops, it is applied after the variable is
tested. |
0xNNN
|
0x introduces a hexadecimal (base 16) constant. Suffix L indicates a long value (at least 32
bits). |
/* Table of CRCs of all 8-bit messages. */ unsigned long crc_table[256]; /* Flag: has the table been computed? Initially false. */ int crc_table_computed = 0; /* Make the table for a fast CRC. */ void make_crc_table(void) { unsigned long c; int n, k; for (n = 0; n < 256; n++) { c = (unsigned long) n; for (k = 0; k < 8; k++) { if (c & 1) c = 0xedb88320L ^ (c >> 1); else c = c >> 1; } crc_table[n] = c; } crc_table_computed = 1; }
/* Update a running CRC with the bytes buf[0..len-1]--the CRC should be initialized to all 1's, and the transmitted value is the 1's complement of the final running CRC (see the crc() routine below). */ unsigned long update_crc(unsigned long crc, unsigned char *buf, int len) { unsigned long c = crc; int n; if (!crc_table_computed) make_crc_table(); for (n = 0; n < len; n++) { c = crc_table[(c ^ buf[n]) & 0xff] ^ (c >> 8); } return c; } /* Return the CRC of the bytes buf[0..len-1]. */ unsigned long crc(unsigned char *buf, int len) { return update_crc(0xffffffffL, buf, len) ^ 0xffffffffL; }
This annex gives the locations of some Internet resources for PNG software developers. By the nature of the Internet, the list is incomplete and subject to change.
ICC profile specifications are available at: https://www.color.org/
There is a World Wide Web site for PNG at http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/
. This page is a central location for current
information about PNG and PNG-related tools.
Additional documentation and portable C code for deflate, and an optimized implementation of the CRC
algorithm are available from the zlib web site, https://www.zlib.net/
.
A sample implementation in portable C, libpng, is available at http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/libpng.html
. Sample viewer and
encoder applications of libpng are available at http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/book/sources.html
and are
described in detail in PNG: The Definitive Guide [[?ROELOFS]]. Test images can also be accessed from the PNG web
site.
Video Full Range Flag
The three previously defined, but unofficial, chunks for Animated PNG (APNG) have been added:
This brings the PNG specification into alignment with widely deployed industry practice.
Added the cICP chunk, Coding-independent code points for video signal type identification, to contain image format metadata defined in [[ITU-T-H.273]] which enables PNG to contain [[ITU-R-BT.2100]] High Dynamic Range (HDR) and Wide Color Gamut (WCG) images.
For chunks which define the image color space, the order of precedence is clearly defined, if more than one is present.
The previously defined eXIf chunk has been moved from the PNG-Extensions document [[PNG-EXTENSIONS]] into the main body of this specification, to reflect its increasing use.
To help with tonemapping HDR content, added the mDCv chunk, which contains metadata about the display used in mastering, and cLLI, which contains metadata about peak and average light levels. This enabled more accurate color matching on heterogeneous platforms
Clarified that the iCCP chunk, which contains an ICC profile, can contain profiles conforming to any version of the ICC.1 specification. PNG Second Edition only referenced the then-current v2 of ICC.1, although it has since become industry practice to also used higher versions.
Clarified handling of out-of-range indexes, for indexed-color PNG
Clarified error recovery for unknown and invalid ancillary chunks
Incorporation of all PNG Second Edition Errata. Notably, clarified that PNG images with unknown gamma value, when embedded in formats such as HTML or SVG, must be treated as untagged images
Various editorial clarifications in response to community feedback
References updated to latest versions
Markup corrections and link fixes
Document source reformatted to use ReSpec
For the list of changes between W3C Recommendation PNG Specification Version 1.0 and PNG Second Edition, see PNG Second Edition changelist