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Abstract
This document defines a set of JavaScript APIs that allow local media,
including audio and video, to be requested from a platform.
Status of This Document
This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.
This document is not complete. It is subject to major changes and, while
early experimentations are encouraged, it is therefore not intended for
implementation. The API is based on preliminary work done in the
WHATWG.
Publication as an Editor's Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C
Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other
documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in
progress.
This document defines APIs for requesting access to local multimedia
devices, such as microphones or video cameras.
This document also defines the MediaStream API, which provides the means
to control where multimedia stream data is consumed, and provides some
control over the devices that produce the media. It also exposes
information about devices able to capture and render media.
2. Conformance
As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples,
and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is
normative.
The key words MAY, MUST, MUST NOT, NOT REQUIRED, and SHOULD are
to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
This specification defines conformance criteria that apply to a single
product: the User Agent that implements the interfaces that it
contains.
Conformance requirements phrased as algorithms or specific steps may be
implemented in any manner, so long as the end result is equivalent. (In
particular, the algorithms defined in this specification are intended to be
easy to follow, and not intended to be performant.)
Implementations that use ECMAScript [ECMA-262] to implement the APIs
defined in this specification must implement them in a manner consistent
with the ECMAScript Bindings defined in the Web IDL specification
[WEBIDL-1], as this specification uses that specification and
terminology.
3. Terminology
HTML Terms:
The EventHandler
interface represents a callback used for event handlers as defined in
[HTML5].
A source is the "thing" providing the source of a media stream
track. The source is the broadcaster of the media itself. A source can
be a physical webcam, microphone, local video or audio file from the
user's hard drive, network resource, or static image. Note that this
document describes the use of microphone and camera type sources only,
the use of other source types is described in other documents.
An application that has no prior authorization regarding sources is
only given the number of available sources, their type and any
relationship to other devices. Additional information about sources can
become available when applications are authorized to use a source (see
9.2.3Access control model).
Sources do not have constraints — tracks have
constraints. When a source is connected to a track, it must produce
media that conforms to the constraints present on that track. Multiple
tracks can be attached to the same source. User Agent processing, such
as downsampling, MAY be used to ensure that all tracks have appropriate
media.
Sources have constrainable properties which have
capabilities and settings. The
constrainable properties are "owned" by the source and are common to
any (multiple) tracks that happen to be using the same source (e.g., if
two different track objects bound to the same source ask for the same
capability or setting information, they will get back the same
answer).
Setting (Source Setting)
A setting refers to the immediate, current
value of the source's constrainable properties. Settings are always
read-only.
A source's settings can change dynamically over time due to
environmental conditions, sink configurations, or constraint changes. A
source's settings must always conform to the current set of mandatory
constraints on all attached tracks. A source that cannot conform to
mandatory constraints causes affected tracks to become
overconstrained and therefore muted.
A User Agent attempts to ensure that sources adhere to optional
constraints as closely as possible, see 11.Constrainable Pattern.
Although settings are a property of the source, they are only
exposed to the application through the tracks attached to the source.
This is exposed via the ConstrainablePattern interface.
Capabilities
For each constrainable property, there is a capability that
describes whether it is supported by the source and if so, the range of
supported values. As with settings, capabilities are exposed to the
application via the ConstrainablePattern interface.
The values of the supported capabilities must be normalized to the
ranges and enumerated types defined in this specification.
A getCapabilities() call on a track returns the same
underlying per-source capabilities for all tracks connected to the
source.
Source capabilities are effectively constant. Applications should be
able to depend on a specific source having the same capabilities for
any browsing session.
This API is intentionally simplified. Capabilities are not capable
of describing interactions between different values. For instance, it
is not possible to accurately describe the capabilities of a camera
that can produce a high resolution video stream at a low frame rate and
lower resolutions at a higher frame rate. Capabilities describe the
complete range of each value. Interactions between constraints are
exposed by attempting to apply constraints.
Constraints
Constraints provide a general control surface that allows
applications to both select an appropriate source for a track and, once
selected, to influence how a source operates.
Constraints limit the range of operating modes that a source can use
when providing media for a track. Without provided track constraints,
implementations are free to select a source's settings from the full
ranges of its supported capabilities. Implementations may also adjust
source settings at any time within the bounds imposed by all applied
constraints.
getUserMedia() uses constraints to help select an appropriate
source for a track and configure it. Additionally, the
ConstrainablePattern interface on tracks includes an API for
dynamically changing the track's constraints at any later time.
A track will not be connected to a source using
getUserMedia() if its initial constraints cannot be satisfied.
However, the ability to meet the constraints on a track can change over
time, and constraints can be changed. If circumstances change such that
constraints cannot be met, the ConstrainablePattern interface
defines an appropriate error to inform the application. 5.The model: sources, sinks, constraints, and settings explains how
constraints interact in more detail.
In general, User Agents will have more flexibility to optimize the
media streaming experience the fewer constraints are applied, so
application authors are strongly encouraged to use mandatory
constraints sparingly.
For each constrainable property, a constraint exists whose name
corresponds with the relevant source setting name and capability
name.
The terms permission, retrieve the permission
state, request
permission and
create a permission storage entry are
defined in [permissions].
Note
"request permission" isn't defined yet. Filed as
permissions
issue 62.
4. MediaStream API
4.1 Introduction
The two main components in the MediaStream API are the
MediaStreamTrack and MediaStream
interfaces. The MediaStreamTrack object represents
media of a single type that originates from one media source in the User
Agent, e.g. video produced by a web camera. A
MediaStream is used to group several
MediaStreamTrack objects into one unit that can be
recorded or rendered in a media element.
Each MediaStream can contain zero or more
MediaStreamTrack objects. All tracks in a
MediaStream are intended to be synchronized when
rendered. This is not a hard requirement, since it might not be possible
to synchronize tracks from sources that have different clocks. Different
MediaStream objects do not need to be
synchronized.
Note
While the intent is to synchronize tracks, it could be
better in some circumstances to permit tracks to lose synchronization. In
particular, when tracks are remotely sourced and real-time [WEBRTC10],
it can be better to allow loss of synchronization than to accumulate
delays or risk glitches and other artifacts. Implementations are expected
to understand the implications of choices regarding synchronization of
playback and the effect that these have on user perception.
A single MediaStreamTrack can represent
multi-channel content, such as stereo or 5.1 audio or stereoscopic video,
where the channels have a well defined relationship to each other.
Information about channels might be exposed through other APIs, such as
[WEBAUDIO], but this specification provides no direct access to
channels.
A MediaStream object has an input and an output
that represent the combined input and output of all the object's tracks.
The output of the MediaStream controls how the object
is rendered, e.g., what is saved if the object is recorded to a file or
what is displayed if the object is used in a video element.
A single MediaStream object can be attached to
multiple different outputs at the same time.
A new MediaStream object can be created from
existing media streams or tracks using the MediaStream() constructor. The constructor
argument can either be an existing MediaStream
object, in which case all the tracks of the given stream are added to the
new MediaStream object, or an array of
MediaStreamTrack objects. The latter form makes it
possible to compose a stream from different source streams.
Both MediaStream and
MediaStreamTrack objects can be cloned. A cloned
MediaStream contains clones of all member tracks from
the original stream. A cloned MediaStreamTrack has a
set of constraints that is
independent of the instance it is cloned from, which allows media from
the same source to have different constraints applied for different
consumers. The MediaStream object is also used in
contexts outside getUserMedia, such as [WEBRTC10].
4.2 MediaStream
The MediaStream()
constructor composes a new stream out of existing tracks. It takes an
optional argument of type MediaStream or an array of
MediaStreamTrack objects. When the constructor is invoked, the User
Agent must run the following steps:
Let stream be a newly constructed
MediaStream object.
Initialize stream'sid attribute to a newly generated
value.
If the constructor's argument is present, construct a set of
tracks, tracks based on the type of argument:
The tracks of a MediaStream are stored in a
track set. The track set MUST contain the
MediaStreamTrack objects that correspond to the
tracks of the stream. The relative order of the tracks in the set is User
Agent defined and the API will never put any requirements on the order.
The proper way to find a specific MediaStreamTrack
object in the set is to look it up by its id.
An object that reads data from the output of a
MediaStream is referred to as a
MediaStream consumer. The list of
MediaStream consumers currently include media
elements (such as <video> and
<audio>) [HTML5], Web Real-Time Communications
(WebRTC; RTCPeerConnection) [WEBRTC10], media recording
(MediaRecorder) [mediastream-recording], image capture
(ImageCapture) [image-capture], and web audio
(MediaStreamAudioSourceNode) [WEBAUDIO].
Note
MediaStream consumers must be able to
handle tracks being added and removed. This behavior is specified per
consumer.
A MediaStream object is said to be active when it has at least one
MediaStreamTrack that has not ended. A MediaStream that does not
have any tracks or only has tracks that are ended is inactive.
To add a track to a
MediaStream, the User Agent MUST run the following
steps:
Let track be the MediaStreamTrack
in question and stream the MediaStream
object to which track is to be added.
If track is already in stream'strack set, then abort these steps.
The User Agent may update a MediaStream's track set in response to, for example, an external
event. This specification does not specify any such cases, but other
specifications using the MediaStream API may. One such example is the
WebRTC 1.0 [WEBRTC10] specification where the track set of a MediaStream, received
from another peer, can be updated as a result of changes to the media
session.
When the User Agent initiates adding a track to a
MediaStream, with the exception of initializing a
newly created MediaStream with tracks, the User Agent
MUST queue a task that runs the following steps:
Let track be the MediaStreamTrack
in question and stream the MediaStream
object to which track is to be added.
The active attribute MUST return true if
this MediaStream is active and false otherwise.
id of type DOMString, readonly
When a MediaStream object is created, the User
Agent MUST generate an identifier string, and MUST initialize the
object's id attribute
to that string. A good practice is to use a UUID [rfc4122], which
is 36 characters long in its canonical form. To avoid fingerprinting,
implementations SHOULD use the forms in section 4.4 or 4.5 of RFC
4122 when generating UUIDs.
The id attribute MUST return the
value to which it was initialized when the object was created.
Returns a sequence of MediaStreamTrack objects
representing the audio tracks in this stream.
The getAudioTracks()
method MUST return a sequence that represents a snapshot of all the
MediaStreamTrack objects in this stream's
track set whose kind is equal to
"audio". The conversion from the track set to the sequence is User Agent defined and
the order does not have to be stable between calls.
The getTrackById()
method MUST return either a MediaStreamTrack
object from this stream's track set whose
id is equal to
trackId, or null, if no such track exists.
Returns a sequence of MediaStreamTrack objects
representing all the tracks in this stream.
The getTracks() method
MUST return a sequence that represents a snapshot of all the
MediaStreamTrack objects in this stream's
track set, regardless of kind. The conversion from the
track set to the sequence is User Agent
defined and the order does not have to be stable between calls.
Returns a sequence of MediaStreamTrack objects
representing the video tracks in this stream.
The getVideoTracks()
method MUST return a sequence that represents a snapshot of all the
MediaStreamTrack objects in this stream's
track set whose kind is equal to
"video". The conversion from the track set to the sequence is User Agent defined and
the order does not have to be stable between calls.
A MediaStreamTrack object represents a media
source in the User Agent. An example source is a device connected to the
User Agent. Other specifications may define sources for MediaStreamTrack that override the behavior specified here.
Several MediaStreamTrack
objects can represent the same media source, e.g., when the user chooses
the same camera in the UI shown by two consecutive calls to
getUserMedia() .
The data from a MediaStreamTrack object does not
necessarily have a canonical binary form; for example, it could just be
"the video currently coming from the user's video camera". This allows
User Agents to manipulate media in whatever fashion is most suitable on
the user's platform.
A script can indicate that a MediaStreamTrack
object no longer needs its source with the stop() method. When all tracks
using a source have been stopped or ended by some other means, the source
is stopped. If
there is no stored permission for the source,
the User Agent SHOULD also remove the "permission granted" indicator
for the source. If the data is being generated from a live source (e.g.,
a microphone or camera), then the User Agent SHOULD remove any active
"on-air" indicator for that source. An implementation may use a
per-source reference count to keep track of source usage, but the
specifics are out of scope for this specification.
To clone a track the User Agent MUST run
the following steps:
Initialize trackClone's id attribute to a newly
generated value.
Initialize trackClone's kind, label, readyState, and
enabled
attributes by copying the corresponding values from
track.
Let trackClone's underlying source be the source of
track.
Set trackClone's constraints to the active constrains
of track.
Return trackClone.
4.3.1 Life-cycle and Media Flow
Life-cycle
A MediaStreamTrack has two states in its
life-cycle: live and ended. A newly created
MediaStreamTrack can be in either state depending
on how it was created. For example, cloning an ended track results in a
new ended track. The current state is reflected by the object's
readyState
attribute.
In the live state, the track is active and media is
available for use by consumers (but may be replaced by
zero-information-content if the MediaStreamTrack is
muted or disabled, see below).
A muted or disabled MediaStreamTrack renders
either silence (audio), black frames (video), or a
zero-information-content equivalent. For example, a video element
sourced by a muted or disabled MediaStreamTrack
(contained within a MediaStream ), is playing but
the rendered content is the muted output. When all tracks connected to
a source are muted or disabled, the "on-air" or "recording" indicator
for that source can be turned off; when the track is no longer muted or
disabled, it MUST be turned back on.
The muted/unmuted state of a track reflects whether the source
provides any media at this moment. The enabled/disabled state is under
application control and determines whether the track outputs media (to
its consumers). Hence, media from the source only flows when a
MediaStreamTrack object is both unmuted and
enabled.
A MediaStreamTrack is muted when the source is temporarily unable to
provide the track with data. A track can be muted by a user. Often this
action is outside the control of the application. This could be as a
result of the user hitting a hardware switch or toggling a control in
the operating system / browser chrome. A track can also be muted by the
User Agent.
Applications are able to enable or
disable a MediaStreamTrack to prevent it from
rendering media from the source. A muted track will however, regardless
of the enabled state, render silence and blackness. A disabled track is
logically equivalent to a muted track, from a consumer point of
view.
For a newly created MediaStreamTrack object, the
following applies. The track is always enabled unless stated otherwise
(for example when cloned) and the muted state reflects the state of the
source at the time the track is created.
A MediaStreamTrack object is said to
end when the source of the track is disconnected or
exhausted.
When a MediaStreamTrack object ends for any
reason (e.g., because the user rescinds the permission for the page to
use the local camera, or because the application invoked the
stop() method on
the MediaStreamTrack object, or because the User
Agent has instructed the track to end for any reason) it is said to be
ended.
When a MediaStreamTracktrack ends
for any reason other than the stop() method being invoked,
the User Agent MUST queue a task that runs the following steps:
If the track'sreadyState attribute
has the value ended already, then abort these
steps.
Muted is out of control for the application, but can be observed by
the application by reading the muted attribute and listening
to the associated events mute and unmute. There can be
several reasons for a MediaStreamTrack to be muted:
the user pushing a physical mute button on the microphone, the user
toggling a control in the operating system, the user clicking a mute
button in the browser chrome, the User Agent (on behalf of the user)
mutes, etc.
To update a track's muted state
to newState, the User Agent MUST queue a task to run the
following steps:
Let track be the MediaStreamTrack in
question.
Set track's muted attribute to
newState.
If newState is true let
eventName be mute, otherwise
unmute.
Fire a simple event named eventName on
track.
Enabled/disabled on the other hand is
available to the application to control (and observe) via the
enabled
attribute.
The result for the consumer is the same in the sense that whenever
MediaStreamTrack is muted or disabled (or both) the
consumer gets zero-information-content, which means silence for audio
and black frames for video. In other words, media from the source only
flows when a MediaStreamTrack object is both
unmuted and enabled. For example, a video element sourced by a muted or
disabled MediaStreamTrack (contained in a
MediaStream ), is playing but rendering
blackness.
For a newly created MediaStreamTrack object, the
following applies: the track is always enabled unless stated otherwise
(for example when cloned) and the muted state reflects the state of the
source at the time the track is created.
Whether Constraints were provided at track
initialization time or need to be established later at runtime, the
APIs defined in the ConstrainablePattern Interface allow the
retrieval and manipulation of the constraints currently established on
a track.
If the overconstrained event is thrown, the
track MUST be muted until either new satisfiable constraints are
applied or the existing constraints become satisfiable.
The enabled attribute
controls the enabled
state for the object.
On getting, the attribute MUST return the value to which it was
last set. On setting, it MUST be set to the new value.
Note
Thus, after a MediaStreamTrack
has ended, its enabled attribute still
changes value when set; it just doesn't do anything with that new
value.
id of type DOMString, readonly
Unless a MediaStreamTrack object is created
as a part of a special purpose algorithm that specifies how the
track id must be initialized, the User Agent MUST generate an
identifier string and initialize the object's id attribute to that string.
See MediaStream's id attribute for guidelines on how
to generate such an identifier.
An example of an algorithm that specifies how the track id must
be initialized is the algorithm to represent an incoming network
component with a MediaStreamTrack object.
[WEBRTC10]
id attribute MUST
return the value to which it was initialized when the object was
created.
kind of type DOMString, readonly
The kind
attribute MUST return the string "audio" if this
object represents an audio track or "video" if this
object represents a video track.
label of type DOMString, readonly
User Agents MAY label audio and video sources (e.g., "Internal
microphone" or "External USB Webcam"). The label attribute
MUST return the label of the object's corresponding source, if any.
If the corresponding source has or had no label, the attribute MUST
instead return the empty string.
muted of type boolean, readonly
The muted attribute
MUST return true if the track is muted, and false otherwise.
The track is active (the track's underlying media source is
making a best-effort attempt to provide data in real time).
The output of a track in the live state can be
switched on and off with the enabled attribute.
ended
The track has ended (the track's
underlying media source is no longer providing data, and will never
provide more data for this track). Once a track enters this state,
it never exits it.
For example, a video track in a MediaStream
ends when the user unplugs the USB web camera that acts as the
track's media source.
A valid source type only for video
MediaStreamTrack s. The source is a local
video-producing camera source.
microphone
A valid source type only for audio
MediaStreamTrack s. The source is a local
audio-producing microphone source.
4.3.5 MediaTrackSupportedConstraints
MediaTrackSupportedConstraints represents the
list of constraints recognized by a User Agent for controlling the
Capabilities of a MediaStreamTrack object.
This dictionary is used as a function return value, and never as an
operation argument.
Future specifications can extend the MediaTrackSupportedConstraints
dictionary by defining a partial dictionary with dictionary members of
type boolean.
If the source cannot do echo cancellation a single
false is reported. If echo cancellation cannot be
turned off, a single true is reported. If the script
can control the feature, the source reports a list with both
true and false as possible values.
See
echoCancellation for additional details.
facingMode of type sequence<DOMString>
A camera can report multiple facing modes. For example, in a
high-end telepresence solution with several cameras facing the
user, a camera to the left of the user can report both "left" and
"user". See
facingMode
for additional details.
The type of the source of the MediaStreamTrack. Note
that the setting of this property is uniquely determined by the
source that is attached to the Track. In particular,
getCapabilities() will return only a single value for
sourceType. This property can therefore be used for initial
media selection with getUserMedia(). However, it is not
useful for subsequent media control with
applyConstraints(), since any attempt to set a different
value will result in an unsatisfiable ConstraintSet.
deviceId
DOMString
The origin-unique identifier for the source of the
MediaStreamTrack. The same identifier MUST be valid
between browsing sessions of this origin, but MUST also be
different for other origins. Some sort of GUID is recommended
for the identifier. Note that the setting of this property is
uniquely determined by the source that is attached to the
MediaStreamTrack. In particular,
getCapabilities() will return only a single value for
deviceId. This property can therefore be used for initial media
selection with getUserMedia(). However, it is not useful
for subsequent media control with applyConstraints(),
since any attempt to set a different value will result in an
unsatisfiable ConstraintSet.
groupId
DOMString
The browsing session-unique group identifier for
the source of the MediaStreamTrack. Two devices have
the same group identifier if they belong to the same physical
device; for example, the audio input and output devices
representing the speaker and microphone of the same headset
would have the same groupId. Note that the setting of this
property is uniquely determined by the source that is attached
to the MediaStreamTrack. In particular,
getCapabilities() will return only a single value for
groupId. Since this property is not stable between browsing
sessions its usefulness for initial media selection with
getUserMedia() is limited. It is not useful for
subsequent media control with applyConstraints(),
since any attempt to set a different value will result in an
unsatisfiable ConstraintSet.
The following constrainable properties are defined to apply only to
video MediaStreamTrack objects:
The width or width range, in pixels. As a capability, the
range should span the video source's pre-set width values with
min being the smallest width and max being the largest
width.
The height or height range, in pixels. As a capability, the
range should span the video source's pre-set height values with
min being the smallest height and max being the largest
height.
The exact frame rate (frames per second) or frame rate range.
If this frame rate cannot be determined (e.g. the source does not
natively provide a frame rate, or the frame rate cannot be
determined from the source stream), then this value MUST refer to
the User Agent's vsync display rate.
The exact aspect ratio (width in pixels divided by height in
pixels, represented as a double rounded to the tenth decimal
place) or aspect ratio range.
This string (or each string, when a list) should be one of
the members of VideoFacingModeEnum. The
members describe the directions that the camera can face, as seen
from the user's perspective. Note that
getConstraints may not return exactly the
same string for strings not in this enum. This preserves the
possibility of using a future version of WebIDL enum for this
property.
The volume or volume range, as a multiplier of the linear
audio sample values. A volume of 0.0 is silence, while a volume
of 1.0 is the maximum supported volume. A volume of 0.5 will
result in an approximately 6 dBSPL change in the sound
pressure level from the maximum volume. Note that any
ConstraintSet that specifies values outside of this range of 0 to
1 can never be satisfied.
When one or more audio streams is being played in the
processes of various microphones, it is often desirable to
attempt to remove the sound being played from the input signals
recorded by the microphones. This is referred to as echo
cancellation. There are cases where it is not needed and it is
desirable to turn it off so that no audio artifacts are
introduced. This allows applications to control this
behavior.
The latency or latency range, in seconds. The latency is the
time between start of processing (for instance, when sound occurs
in the real world) to the data being available to the next step
in the process. Low latency is critical for some applications;
high latency may be acceptable for other applications because it
helps with power constraints. The number is expected to be the
target latency of the configuration; the actual latency may show
some variation from that.
The addtrack and removetrack events notify
the script that the track set of a
MediaStream has been updated by the User Agent.
Firing a track event named
e with a MediaStreamTracktrack means that an event with the name e, which
does not bubble (except where otherwise stated) and is not cancelable
(except where otherwise stated), and which uses the
MediaStreamTrackEvent interface with the
track
attribute set to track, MUST be created and dispatched at the
given target.
5. The model: sources, sinks, constraints, and settings
This section is non-normative.
Browsers provide a media pipeline from sources to sinks. In a browser,
sinks are the <img>, <video>, and <audio> tags.
Traditional sources include streamed content, files, and web resources. The
media produced by these sources typically does not change over time - these
sources can be considered to be static.
The sinks that display these sources to the user (the actual tags
themselves) have a variety of controls for manipulating the source content.
For example, an <img> tag scales down a huge source image of
1600x1200 pixels to fit in a rectangle defined with
width="400" and height="300".
The getUserMedia API adds dynamic sources such as microphones and
cameras - the characteristics of these sources can change in response to
application needs. These sources can be considered to be dynamic in nature.
A <video> element that displays media from a dynamic source can
either perform scaling or it can feed back information along the media
pipeline and have the source produce content more suitable for display.
Note
Note: This sort of feedback loop is obviously just
enabling an "optimization", but it's a non-trivial gain. This
optimization can save battery, allow for less network congestion,
etc...
Note that MediaStream sinks (such as
<video>, <audio>, and even
RTCPeerConnection) will continue to have mechanisms to further
transform the source stream beyond that which the Settings,
Capabilities, and Constraints described in this specification
offer. (The sink transformation options, including those of
RTCPeerConnection, are outside the scope of this
specification.)
The act of changing or applying a track constraint may affect the
settings of all tracks sharing that source and
consequently all down-level sinks that are using that source. Many sinks
may be able to take these changes in stride, such as the
<video> element or RTCPeerConnection.
Others like the Recorder API may fail as a result of a source setting
change.
The RTCPeerConnection is an interesting object because it
acts simultaneously as both a sink and a source for
over-the-network streams. As a sink, it has source transformational
capabilities (e.g., lowering bit-rates, scaling-up / down resolutions, and
adjusting frame-rates), and as a source it could have its own settings
changed by a track source.
To illustrate how changes to a given source impact various sinks,
consider the following example. This example only uses width and height,
but the same principles apply to all of the Settings exposed in this
specification. In the first figure a home client has obtained a video
source from its local video camera. The source's width and height settings
are 800 pixels and 600 pixels, respectively. Three
MediaStream objects on the home client contain tracks
that use this same deviceId. The three media streams
are connected to three different sinks: a <video>
element (A), another <video> element (B), and a peer
connection (C). The peer connection is streaming the source video to a
remote client. On the remote client there are two media streams with tracks
that use the peer connection as a source. These two media streams are
connected to two <video> element sinks (Y and
Z).
Note that at this moment, all of the sinks on the home client must apply
a transformation to the original source's provided dimension settings. B is
scaling the video down, A is scaling the video up (resulting in loss of
quality), and C is also scaling the video up slightly for sending over the
network. On the remote client, sink Y is scaling the video way
down, while sink Z is not applying any scaling.
In response to applyConstraints() being called, one
of the tracks wants a higher resolution (1920 by 1200 pixels) from the home
client's video source.
Note that the source change immediately affects all of the tracks and
sinks on the home client, but does not impact any of the sinks (or sources)
on the remote client. With the increase in the home client source video's
dimensions, sink A no longer has to perform any scaling, while sink B must
scale down even further than before. Sink C (the peer connection) must now
scale down the video in order to keep the transmission constant to the
remote client.
While not shown, an equally valid settings change request could be made
on the remote client's side. In addition to impacting sink Y and Z in the
same manner as A, B and C were impacted earlier, it could lead to
re-negotiation with the peer connection on the home client in order to
alter the transformation that it is applying to the home client's video
source. Such a change is NOT REQUIRED to change anything related to sink A
or B or the home client's video source.
Note that this specification does not define a mechanism by which a
change to the remote client's video source could automatically trigger a
change to the home client's video source. Implementations may choose to
make such source-to-sink optimizations as long as they only do so within
the constraints established by the application, as the next example
demonstrates.
It is fairly obvious that changes to a given source will impact sink
consumers. However, in some situations changes to a given sink may also
cause implementations to adjust a source's settings. This is illustrated in
the following figures. In the first figure below, the home client's video
source is sending a video stream sized at 1920 by 1200 pixels. The video
source is also unconstrained, such that the exact source dimensions are
flexible as far as the application is concerned. Two
MediaStream objects contain tracks with the same
deviceId, and those MediaStream s
are connected to two different <video> element sinks A
and B. Sink A has been sized to width="1920" and
height="1200" and is displaying the source's video content
without any transformations. Sink B has been sized smaller and, as a
result, is scaling the video down to fit its rectangle of 320 pixels across
by 200 pixels down.
When the application changes sink A to a smaller dimension (from 1920 to
1024 pixels wide and from 1200 to 768 pixels tall), the browser's media
pipeline may recognize that none of its sinks require the higher source
resolution, and needless work is being done both on the part of the source
and sink A. In such a case and without any other constraints forcing the
source to continue producing the higher resolution video, the media
pipeline MAY change the source resolution:
In the above figure, the home client's video source resolution was
changed to the greater of that from sink A and B in order to optimize
playback. While not shown above, the same behavior could apply to peer
connections and other sinks.
It is possible that constraints can be applied to a track which a
source is unable to satisfy, either because the source itself cannot
satisfy the constraint or because the source is already satisfying a
conflicting constraint. When this happens, the promise returned from
applyConstraints() will be rejected, without applying
any of the new constraints. Since no change in constraints occurs in this
case, there is also no required change to the source itself as a result of
this condition. Here is an example of this behavior.
In this example, two media streams each have a video track that share
the same source. The first track initially has no constraints applied. It
is connected to sink N. Sink N has a resolution of 800 by 600 pixels and is
scaling down the source's resolution of 1024 by 768 to fit. The other track
has a mandatory constraint forcing off the source's fill light; it is
connected to sink P. Sink P has a width and height equal to that of the
source.
Now, the first track adds a mandatory constraint that the fill light
should be forced on. At this point, both mandatory constraints cannot be
satisfied by the source (the fill light cannot be simultaneously on and off
at the same time). Since this state was caused by the first track's attempt
to apply a conflicting constraint, the constraint application fails and
there is no change in the source's settings nor to the constraints on
either track.
Let's look at a slightly different situation starting from the same
point. In this case, instead of the first track attempting to apply a
conflicting constraint, the user physically locks the camera into a mode
where the fill light is on. At this point the source can no longer satisfy
the second track's mandatory constraint that the fill light be off. The
second track is transitioned into the muted state and receives an
overconstrained event. At the same time, the source notes that its
remaining active sink only requires a resolution of 800 by 600 and so it
adjusts its resolution down to match (this is an optional optimization that
the User Agent is allowed to make given the situation).
At this point, it is the responsibility of the application to address
the problem that led to the overconstrained situation, perhaps by removing
the fill light mandatory constraint on the second track or by closing the
second track altogether and informing the user.
6. MediaStreams in Media Elements
Note
We are now referencing the [HTML51] specification for MediaStream
playback in a HTMLMediaElement. This section, that defines
MediaStream-specific exceptions and additions, is still work in progress
and feedback is most welcome.
A MediaStream may be assigned to media elements. A
MediaStream is not preloadable or seekable and represents a
simple, potentially infinite, linear media timeline. The timeline starts at
0 and increments linearly in real time as long as the
MediaStream is playing. The timeline does not increment when
the playout of the MediaStream is paused.
User Agents that support this specification MUST support the
srcObject attribute of the HTMLMediaElement
interface defined in [HTML51], which includes support for playing
MediaStream objects.
The [HTML51] document outlines how the HTMLMediaElement
works with a media provider object. The following applies when the
media provider object is a MediaStream:
Whenever an [HTML51]
AudioTrack or a
VideoTrack is created, the id and
label attributes must be initilized to the corresponding
attributes of the MediaStreamTrack, the kind
attribute must be initiliszed to "main" and the language
attribute to the empty string
The User Agent MUST always play the current data from the
MediaStream and MUST NOT buffer.
When the MediaStream state moves from the active
to the inactive state, the User Agent
MUST raise an
ended event on the HTMLMediaElement and set its
ended attribute to true. Note that once
ended equals true the HTMLMediaElement
will not play media even if new MediaStreamTrack's
are added to the MediaStream (causing it to return
to the active state) unless autoplay is true
or the web application restarts the element, e.g., by calling
play()
Any calls to the
fastSeek method on a HTMLMediaElement must be
ignored
The nature of the MediaStream places certain
restrictions on the behavior and attribute values of the associated
HTMLMediaElement and on the operations that can be performed
on it, as shown below:
A MediaStream is not seekable. Therefore, this attribute MUST
always have the value 1.0 and any attempt to alter it
MUST be ignored. Note that this also means that the
ratechange event will not fire.
A MediaStream is not seekable. Therefore, this attribute MUST
always have the value 1.0 and any attempt to alter it
MUST be ignored. Note that this also means that the
ratechange event will not fire.
Setting the loop attribute has no effect since a
MediaStream has no defined end and therefore
cannot be looped.
When applicable, behavior outlined above for
HTMLMediaElement carry over to
MediaController's.
7. Error Handling
This section and its subsections extend the list of Error subclasses
defined in [ES6] following the pattern for NativeError in section 19.5.6
of that specification. Assume the following:
that use of syntax such as [[something]] and %something% is as used
in [ES6].
that the rules for ECMAScript standard built-in objects ([ES6],
section 17) are in effect in this section.
that the new intrinsic objects %OverconstrainedError% and
%OverconstrainedErrorPrototype% are available as if they had been
included in ([ES6], Table 7) and all referencing sections, e.g.
([ES6], section 8.2.2), thus behave appropriately.
7.1 ECMAScript 6 Terminology
The following terms used in this section are defined in [ES6].
The OverconstrainedError Constructor is the %OverconstrainedError%
intrinsic object. When OverconstrainedError is called as a
function rather than as a constructor, it creates and initializes a new
OverconstrainedError object. A call of the object as a function is
equivalent to calling it as a constructor with the same arguments. Thus
the function call OverconstrainedError(...)
is equivalent to the object creation expression new
OverconstrainedError(...) with the same
arguments.
The OverconstrainedError constructor is designed to be
subclassable. It may be used as the value of an extends
clause of a class definition. Subclass constructors that intend to
inherit the specified OverconstrainedError behaviour must
include a super call to the
OverconstrainedError constructor to create and initialize
the subclass instance with an [[ErrorData]] internal slot.
When the OverconstrainedError function is
called with arguments constraint and message the
following steps are taken:
If NewTarget is undefined, let newTarget be the
active function object, else let newTarget be
NewTarget.
Let O be OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(newTarget,
"%OverconstrainedErrorPrototype%", «[[ErrorData]]»
).
ReturnIfAbrupt(O).
If constraint is not undefined, then
Let constraintDesc be the
PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]: constraint,
[[Writable]]: false, [[Enumerable]]: false,
[[Configurable]]: false}.
Let cStatus be DefinePropertyOrThrow(O,
"constraint", constraintDesc).
Assert: cStatus is not an abrupt completion.
If message is not undefined, then
Let msg be ToString(message).
Let msgDesc be the PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:
msg, [[Writable]]: true, [[Enumerable]]:
false, [[Configurable]]: true}.
Let mStatus be DefinePropertyOrThrow(O,
"message", msgDesc).
Assert: mStatus is not an abrupt completion.
Return O.
7.2.2 Properties of the OverconstrainedError Constructor
The value of the [[Prototype]] internal slot of the
OverconstrainedError constructor is the intrinsic object %Error%.
Besides the length property (whose value is 1),
the OverconstrainedError constructor has the following properties:
7.2.2.1 OverconstrainedError.prototype
The initial value of OverconstrainedError.prototype
is the OverconstrainedError
prototype object. This property has the attributes {
[[Writable]]: false, [[Enumerable]]: false,
[[Configurable]]: false }.
7.2.3 Properties of the OverconstrainedError Prototype Object
The OverconstrainedError prototype object is an ordinary object. It
is not an Error instance and does not have an [[ErrorData]] internal
slot.
The value of the [[Prototype]] internal slot of the
OverconstrainedError prototype object is the intrinsic object
%ErrorPrototype%.
The initial value of the constructor property of the prototype for
the OverconstrainedError constructor is the intrinsic object %OverconstrainedError%.
7.2.3.2 OverconstrainedError.prototype.constraint
The initial value of the constraint property of the prototype for
the OverconstrainedError constructor is the empty String.
7.2.3.3 OverconstrainedError.prototype.message
The initial value of the message property of the prototype for the
OverconstrainedError constructor is the empty String.
7.2.3.4 OverconstrainedError.prototype.name
The initial value of the name property of the prototype for the
OverconstrainedError constructor is
"OverconstrainedError".
7.2.4 Properties of OverconstrainedError Instances
OverconstrainedError instances are ordinary objects that inherit
properties from the OverconstrainedError prototype object and have an
[[ErrorData]] internal slot whose value is undefined. The only
specified use of [[ErrorData]] is by Object.prototype.toString
([ES6], section 19.1.3.6) to identify instances of Error or its
various subclasses.
Note
The following will need to be updated when we finish out the error
definitions.
The following interface is defined for cases when an
OverconstrainedError is raised as an event:
This error event fires for each affected track (when multiple
tracks share the same source) after the User Agent has evaluated
the current constraints against a given source and is not able to
configure the source within the limitations established by the
intersection of imposed constraints.
Due to being over-constrained, the User Agent must mute each
affected track.
The affected track(s) will remain muted until the application adjusts the
constraints to accommodate the source's current effective
capabilities.
ended
Event
The MediaStreamTrack object's source will no
longer provide any data, either because the user revoked the
permissions, or because the source device has been ejected, or
because the remote peer permanently stopped sending data.
The following events fire on MediaDevices
objects:
Event name
Interface
Fired when...
devicechange
Event
The set of media devices, available to the User Agent, has
changed. The current list devices can be retrieved with the
enumerateDevices()
method.
9. Enumerating Local Media Devices
This section describes an API that the script can use to query the User
Agent about connected media input and output devices (for example a web
camera or a headset).
All instances of the Navigator type are defined to also implement the NavigatorUserMedia interface.
9.2 MediaDevices
The MediaDevices object is the entry point to the API
used to examine and get access to media devices available to the User
Agent.
When a new media input or output device is made available, and if
the permission state of
the "list-devices" permission is "granted", the User
Agent MUST queue a task that fires a simple event named devicechange at the
MediaDevices object. These events are potentially
triggered simultaneously across browsing contexts on different origins;
user agents can add fuzzing on the timing of events to avoid cross-origin
activity correlation.
The event type of this event handler is devicechange.
9.2.2 Methods
enumerateDevices
Collects information about the User Agent's available media input
and output devices.
This method returns a promise. The promise will be fulfilled with
a sequence of MediaDeviceInfo dictionaries
representing the User Agent's available media input and output
devices if enumeration is successful.
Camera and microphone sources should be
enumerable. Specifications that add additional types of source will
provide recommendations about whether the source type should be
enumerable.
When the enumerateDevices()
method is called, the User Agent must run the following steps:
Let p be a new promise.
Run the following steps in parallel:
Let resultList be an empty list.
If this method has been called previously within this
browsing session, let oldList be the list of
MediaDeviceInfo objects that was produced
at that call (resultList); otherwise, let
oldList be an empty list.
Probe the User Agent for available media devices, and run
the following sub steps for each discovered device,
device:
If device is represented by a
MediaDeviceInfo object in
oldList, append that object to
resultList, abort these steps and continue
with the next device (if any).
Let deviceInfo be a new
MediaDeviceInfo object to represent
device.
If a stored deviceId
exists for device, initialize
deviceInfo's deviceId to
that value. Otherwise, let
deviceInfo's deviceId
member be a newly generated unique identifier.
If device belongs to the same physical
device as a device already represented in
oldList or resultList, initialize
deviceInfo's groupId member
to the groupId value
of the existing MediaDeviceInfo
object. Otherwise, let deviceInfo's
groupId member
be a newly generated unique identifier.
Append deviceInfo to
resultList.
If any of the local devices are attached to a
live
MediaStreamTrack in the current browsing context, set
list-permission to "granted".
If no such device is attached, retrieve the permission
state of the "list-devices" permission, and assign
it to list-permission.
If list-permission is
not "granted", let filteredList be a copy
of resultList, and all its elements, where the
label
member is the empty string.
If filteredList is a non-empty list, then
resolve p with filteredList. Otherwise,
resolve p with resultList.
Return p.
Since this method returns persistent
information across browsing sessions and origins via the number and
grouping of media capture devices, it adds to the fingerprinting
surface exposed by the user agent.
Once authorization has been granted to one of
the capture devices, it provides additional persistent cross-origin
information via the human readable labels associated with available
capture devices, which furhter adds to the fingerprinting
surface.
The algorithm described above means that the access to media device
information depends on whether or not permission has been granted to
the page's origin.
If no such access has been granted, the
MediaDeviceInfo dictionary will contain the
deviceId, kind, and groupId.
If access has been granted for a media device, the
MediaDeviceInfo dictionary will contain the
deviceId, kind, label, and groupId.
All enumerable devices have an identifier that MUST be unique to
the page's origin. As long as no local device has been attached to a
live MediaStreamTrack in a page from this origin, and no stored permission to access local
devices has been granted to this origin, then this identifier MUST NOT be reusable after the end of the current browsing session.
However, if any local devices have been attached to a live
MediaStreamTrack in a page from this origin, or stored permission to access local
devices has been granted to this origin, then this identifier MUST be
persisted across browsing sessions.
Unique and stable identifiers let the application save, identify
the availability of, and directly request specific sources.
This identifier MUST be un-guessable by applications of other
origins to prevent the identifier being used to correlate the same
user across different origins.
Since deviceId may persist across
browsing sessions and to reduce its potential as a fingerprinting
mechanism, deviceId is to be treated as other persistent
storage mechanisms such as cookies [COOKIES]. User agents MUST
reset per-origin device identifiers when other persistent storages
are cleared.
groupId of type DOMString, readonly
Returns the group identifier of the represented device. Two
devices have the same group identifier if they belong to the same
physical device; for example a monitor with a built-in camera and
microphone.
A label describing this device (for example "External USB
Webcam"). If the device has no associated label, then this attribute
MUST return the empty string.
9.3.2 Serializer
Instances of this interface are serialized as a map with entries for each of the serializable attributes.
Returns a MediaTrackCapabilities object
describing the primary audio or video track of a device's
MediaStream (according to its kind
value), in the absence of any user-supplied constraints. These
capabilities MUST be identical to those that would have been obtained
by calling getCapabilities() on the first
MediaStreamTrack of this type in a
MediaStream returned by
getUserMedia({deviceId: id}) where id is
the value of the deviceId attribute of this
MediaDeviceInfo.
If no access has been granted to any local devices and this
InputDeviceInfo has been filtered with respect to unique
identifying information (see above description of
enumerateDevices() result), then this method returns
null.
This section extends NavigatorUserMedia and
MediaDevices with APIs to request permission to access
media input devices available to the User Agent.
When on an insecure origin [mixed-content], User Agents are encouraged
to warn about usage of navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia,
navigator.getUserMedia, and any prefixed variants in their
developer tools, error logs, etc. It is explicitly permitted for User
Agents to remove these APIs entirely when on an insecure origin, as long as
they remove all of them at once (e.g., they should not leave just the
prefixed version available on insecure origins).
10.1 NavigatorUserMedia Interface Extensions
Note
The definition of getUserMedia() in this section reflects two major
changes from the method definition that has existed here for many
months.
First, the official definition for the getUserMedia() method, and
the one which developers are encouraged to use, is now at MediaDevices. This decision
reflected consensus as long as the original API remained available here
under the Navigator object for backwards compatibility reasons, since
the working group acknowledges that early users of these APIs have been
encouraged to define getUserMedia as "var getUserMedia =
navigator.getUserMedia || navigator.webkitGetUserMedia ||
navigator.mozGetUserMedia;" in order for their code to be functional
both before and after official implementations of getUserMedia() in
popular browsers. To ensure functional equivalence, the getUserMedia()
method here is defined in terms of the method under MediaDevices.
Second, the decision to change all other callback-based methods in
the specification to be based on Promises instead required that the
navigator.getUserMedia() definition reflect this in its use of
navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia(). Because navigator.getUserMedia()
is now the only callback-based method remaining in the specification,
there is ongoing discussion as to a) whether it still belongs in the
specification, and b) if it does, whether its syntax should remain
callback-based or change in some way to use Promises. Input on these
questions is encouraged, particularly from developers actively using
today's implementations of this functionality.
Note that the other methods that changed from a callback-based
syntax to a Promises-based syntax were not considered to have been
implemented widely enough in any form to have to consider legacy
usage.
The successCallback will be invoked with a suitable
MediaStream object as its argument if the user
accepts valid tracks as described in getUserMedia() on
MediaDevices.
The errorCallback will be invoked if there is a failure
in finding valid tracks or if the user denies permission, as
described in getUserMedia() on
MediaDevices.
When the getUserMedia() method is
called, the User Agent MUST run the following steps:
Let constraints be the method's first argument.
Let successCallback be the callback indicated by
the method's second argument.
Let errorCallback be the callback indicated by the
method's third argument.
Run the steps specified by the getUserMedia() algorithm
with constraints as the argument, and let p
be the resulting promise.
Upon fulfillment of p with value stream,
run the following step:
Invoke successCallback with stream
as the argument.
Upon rejection of p with reason r, run
the following step:
The definition of getUserMedia() in this section reflects two major
changes from the method definition that has existed under
NavigatorUserMedia for many months.
First, the official definition for the getUserMedia() method, and
the one which developers are encouraged to use, is now the one defined
here under MediaDevices. This decision reflected consensus as long as
the original API remained available at NavigatorUserMedia.getUserMedia()
under the Navigator object for backwards compatibility reasons, since
the working group acknowledges that early users of these APIs have been
encouraged to define getUserMedia as "var getUserMedia =
navigator.getUserMedia || navigator.webkitGetUserMedia ||
navigator.mozGetUserMedia;" in order for their code to be functional
both before and after official implementations of getUserMedia() in
popular browsers. To ensure functional equivalence, the getUserMedia()
method under NavigatorUserMedia is defined in terms of the method
here.
Second, the method defined here is Promises-based, while the one
defined under NavigatorUserMedia is currently still callback-based.
Developers expecting to find getUserMedia() defined under
NavigatorUserMedia are strongly encouraged to read the detailed Note
given there.
The getSupportedConstraints method is provided to allow
the application to determine which constraints the User Agent
recognizes.
Returns a dictionary whose members are the constrainable
properties known to the User Agent. A supported constrainable
property MUST be represented and any constrainable properties not
supported by the User Agent MUST NOT be present in the returned
dictionary. The values returned represent what the browser implements
and will not change during a browsing session.
For each possible source for that media type,
construct an unconstrained MediaStreamTrack with that
source as its source.
Call this set of tracks the
candidateSet.
If candidateSet is the empty set, reject
p with a new DOMException
object whose name attribute has the
value NotFoundError and abort these
steps.
If the value of the T entry of
constraints is "true", set CS to the empty
constraint set (no constraint). Otherwise, continue with
CS set to the value of the T entry of
constraints.
Run the SelectSettings algorithm
on each track in CandidateSet with
CS as the constraint set. If the algorithm
does not return undefined, add the track to
finalSet. This eliminates devices unable to
satisfy the constraints, by verifying that at least one
settings dictionary exists that satisfies the
constraints.
If finalSet is the empty set, let
constraint be any required constraint whose
fitness distance was infinity for all settings dictionaries
examined while executing the
SelectSettings algorithm, let
message be either undefined or an
informative human-readable message, and reject p
with a new OverconstrainedError created
by calling OverconstrainedError(constraint,
message), then abort these steps.
This error gives information about
what the underlying device is not capable of producing,
before the user has given any authorization to any device,
and can thus be used as a fingerprinting surface.
Retrieve the permission state for all
candidate devices that are not attached to a
live
MediaStreamTrack in the current
browsing context. Remove from the set any device for
which the permission state is "denied".
If the set is now empty, jump to the step labeled
Permission Failure below.
Optionally, e.g., based on a previously-established user
preference, for security reasons, or due to platform
limitations, jump to the step labeled Permission
Failure below.
Request permission for use of the devices,
while considering
all devices attached to a live MediaStreamTrack
to have permission status "granted", resulting in a set of
provided media.
The provided media MUST include precisely one track of
each media type in requestedMediaTypes from the
finalSet. The decision of which devices to choose
from the finalSet is completely up to the User
Agent and may be determined by asking the user. Once
selected, the source of a
MediaStreamTrackMUST NOT change.
The User Agent MAY use the value of the computed "fitness
distance" from the SelectSettings algorithm, or any
other internally-available information about the devices, as
an input to the selection algorithm.
User Agents are encouraged to default to using the user's
primary or system default camera and/or microphone (when
possible) to generate the media stream. User Agents MAY allow
users to use any media source, including pre-recorded media
files.
If the result of the request is "granted", User
Agents are encouraged to include a prominent
indicator that the devices are "hot" (i.e. an "on-air" or
"recording" indicator), as well as a "device accessible"
indicator indicating that the page has been granted access to
the source.
If the result is "denied", jump to the step labeled
Permission Failure below. If the user never
responds, this algorithm stalls on this step.
If the user grants permission but a hardware error such as
an OS/program/webpage lock prevents access, reject
p with a new DOMException
object whose name attribute has the value
NotReadableError and abort these steps.
If the result is "granted" but device access fails for
any reason other than those listed above, reject p
with a new DOMException object whose
name attribute has the value
AbortError and abort these steps.
Let stream be the
MediaStream object for which the user
granted permission.
Run the ApplyConstraints() algorithm on all
tracks in stream with the appropriate
constraints.
Resolve p with stream and abort
these steps.
Permission Failure: Reject p with a
new DOMException object whose
name attribute has the value
NotAllowedError.
In the algorithm above, constraints are checked twice - once at
device selection, and once after access approval. Time may have passed
between those checks, so it is conceivable that the selected device is
no longer suitable. In this case, a NotReadableError will result.
audio of type (boolean or MediaTrackConstraints), defaulting to false
If true, it requests that the returned
MediaStream contain an audio track. If a Constraints
structure is provided, it further specifies the nature and settings
of the audio Track. If false, the MediaStreamMUST NOT contain an audio Track.
video of type (boolean or MediaTrackConstraints), defaulting to false
If true, it requests that the returned
MediaStream contain a video track. If a Constraints
structure is provided, it further specifies the nature and settings
of the video Track. If false, the MediaStreamMUST NOT contain a video Track.
The topic of this section is under discussion and may
be subject to change.
There are some special circumstances when a cross-origin [HTML51]
iframe wants to access user media. A cross-origin iframe needs
explicit permission from the embedding page and it needs to identify
itself in the security prompt presented to the user. This section,
together with the getUserMedia() algorithm, specifies
that behavior.
The HTMLIFrameElement is extended with an allowusermedia content
attribute. allowusermedia is a [HTML51]
boolean attribute. When specified, it indicates that scripts
in the iframe element's browsing context are allowed to access user
media (if it's not blocked for other reasons, e.g. there is another
ancestor iframe without this attribute set).
The iframe DOM interface is extended as described by the partial
interface below.
The User Agent is encouraged to reserve
resources when it has determined that a given call to getUserMedia() will be successful.
It is preferable to reserve the resource prior to resolving the
returned promise. Subsequent calls to getUserMedia() (in this page or
any other) should treat the resource that was previously allocated, as
well as resources held by other applications, as busy. Resources marked
as busy should not be provided as sources to the current web page,
unless specified by the user. Optionally, the User Agent may choose to
provide a stream sourced from a busy source but only to a page whose
origin matches the owner of the original stream that is keeping the
source busy.
This document recommends that in the permission
grant dialog or device selection interface (if one is present), the
user be allowed to select any available hardware as a source for the
stream requested by the page (provided the resource is able to fulfill
any specified mandatory constraints). Although not specifically
recommended as best practice, note that some User Agents may support
the ability to substitute a video or audio source with local files and
other media. A file picker may be used to provide this functionality to
the user.
This document also recommends that the user be
shown all resources that are currently busy as a result of prior calls
to getUserMedia() (in this
page or any other page that is still alive) and be allowed to terminate
that stream and utilize the resource for the current page instead. If
possible in the current operating environment, it is also suggested
that resources currently held by other applications be presented and
treated in the same manner. If the user chooses this option, the track
corresponding to the resource that was provided to the page whose
stream was affected must be removed.
Best Practice 2: Stored
Permissions
When permission is requested for a device, the
User Agent may choose to create a permission
storage entry for later
use by the same origin, so that the user does not need to grant
permission again at a later time. [RTCWEB-SECURITY-ARCH] Section 5.2
requires that such storing MUST only be done when the page is secure
(served over HTTPS and having no mixed content). It is a User Agent
choice whether it offers functionality to store permission to each
device separately, all devices of a given class, or all devices; the
choice needs to be apparent to the user, and permission must have been
granted for the entire set whose permission is being stored, e.g., to
store permission to use all cameras the user must have given permission
to use all cameras and not just one.
As described, this specification does not
dictate whether or not granting permission results in a stored
permission. When permission is not stored, permission
will last only until such time as all MediaStreamTracks sourced from
that device have been stopped.
Best Practice 3: Handling multiple
devices
A MediaStream may contain more than one
video and audio track. This makes it possible to include video from two
or more webcams in a single stream object, for example. However, the
current API does not allow a page to express a need for multiple video
streams from independent sources.
It is recommended for multiple calls to
getUserMedia() from the
same page to be allowed as a way for pages to request multiple discrete
video and/or audio streams.
Note also that if multiple getUserMedia() calls are done by a
page, the order in which they request resources, and the order in which
they complete, is not constrained by this specification.
A single call to getUserMedia() will always return
a stream with either zero or one audio tracks, and either zero or one
video tracks. If a script calls getUserMedia() multiple times
before reaching a stable state, this document advises the UI designer
that the permission dialogs should be merged, so that the user can give
permission for the use of multiple cameras and/or media sources in one
dialog interaction. The constraints on each getUserMedia call can be
used to decide which stream gets which media sources.
11. Constrainable Pattern
The Constrainable pattern allows applications to inspect and adjust the
properties of objects implementing it (the constrainable object).
It is broken out as a separate set
of definitions so that it can be referred to by other specifications. The
core concept is the Capability, which consists of a constrainable property
of an object and the set of its possible values, which may be specified
either as a range or as an enumeration. For example, a camera might be
capable of framerates (a property) between 20 and 50 frames per second (a
range) and may be able to be positioned (a property) facing towards the
user, away from the user, or to the left or right of the user (an
enumerated set). The application can examine a constrainable property's
supported Capabilities via the getCapabilities() accessor.
The application can select the (range of) values it wants for an
object's Capabilities by means of basic and/or advanced ConstraintSets and
the applyConstraints() method. A ConstraintSet consists of the
names of one or more properties of the object plus the desired value (or a
range of desired values) for each property. Each of those property/value
pairs can be considered to be an individual constraint. For example, the
application may set a ConstraintSet containing two constraints, the first
stating that the framerate of a camera be between 30 and 40 frames per
second (a range) and the second that the camera should be facing the user
(a specific value). How the individual constraints interact depends on
whether and how they are given in the basic Constraint structure, which is
a ConstraintSet with an additional 'advanced' property, or whether they are
in a ConstraintSet in the advanced list. The behavior is as follows: all
'min', 'max', and 'exact' constraints in the basic Constraint structure are
together treated as the 'required' set, and if it is not possible to
satisfy simultaneously all of those individual constraints for the
indicated property names, the User Agent MUST reject the returned promise.
Otherwise, it must apply the required constraints. Next, it will consider
any ConstraintSets given in the 'advanced' list, in the order in which they
are specified, and will try to satisfy/apply each complete ConstraintSet
(i.e., all constraints in the ConstraintSet together), but will skip a
ConstraintSet if and only if it cannot satisfy/apply it in its entirety.
Next, the User Agent MUST attempt to apply, individually, any 'ideal'
constraints or a constraint given as a bare value for the property. Of
these properties, it MUST satisfy the largest number that it can, in any
order. Finally, the User Agent MUST resolve the returned promise.
Note
Any constraint provided via this API will only be considered if the given
constrainable property is supported by the browser. JavaScript
application code is expected to first check, via
getSupportedConstraints(), that all the named properties
that are used are supported by the browser. The reason for this is that
WebIDL drops any unsupported names from the dictionary holding the
constraints, so the browser does not see them and the unsupported names
end up being silently ignored. This will cause confusing programming
errors as the JavaScript code will be setting constraints but the browser
will be ignoring them. Browsers that support (recognize) the name of a
required constraint but cannot satisfy it will generate an error, while
browsers that do not support the constrainable property will not generate
an error.
The following examples may help to understand how constraints work. The
first shows a basic Constraint structure. Three constraints are given, each
of which the User Agent will attempt to satisfy individually. Depending
upon the resolutions available for this camera, it is possible that not all
three constraints can be satisfied at the same time. If so, the User Agent
will satisfy two if it can, or only one if not even two constraints can be
satisfied together. Note that if not all three can be satisfied
simultaneously, it is possible that there is more than one combination of
two constraints that could be satisfied. If so, the User Agent will
choose.
Example 1
var supports = navigator.mediaDevices.getSupportedConstraints();if(!supports["aspectRatio"]){// Treat like an error.}var constraints ={
width:1280,
height:720,
aspectRatio:1.5};
This next example adds a small bit of complexity. The ideal values are
still given for width and height, but this time with minimum requirements
on each as well as a minimum frameRate that must be satisfied. If it cannot
satisfy the frameRate, width or height minimum it will reject the promise.
Otherwise, it will try to satisfy the width, height, and aspectRatio target
values as well and then resolve the promise. Note that the frameRate
minimum might be within the capabilities of the camera and satisfiable in
ideal lighting conditions, but not in low light, and could therefore result
in firing of the onoverconstrained event handler under poor
lighting conditions.
Example 2
var supports = navigator.mediaDevices.getSupportedConstraints();if(!supports["aspectRatio"]||!supports["frameRate"]){// Treat like an error.}var constraints ={
frameRate:{min:20},
width:{min:640, ideal:1280},
height:{min:480, ideal:720},
aspectRatio:1.5};
This example illustrates the full control possible with the Constraints
structure by adding the 'advanced' property. In this case, the User Agent
behaves the same way with respect to the required constraints, but before
attempting to satisfy the ideal values it will process the 'advanced' list.
In this example the 'advanced' list contains two ConstraintSets. The first
specifies width and height constraints, and the second specifies an
aspectRatio constraint. Note that in the advanced list, these bare values
are treated as 'exact' values. This example represents the following: "I
need my video to be at least 640 pixels wide and at least 480 pixels high.
My preference is for precisely 1920x1280, but if you can't give me that,
give me an aspectRatio of 4x3 if at all possible. If even that is not
possible, give me a resolution as close to 1280x720 as possible."
Example 3
var supports = navigator.mediaDevices.getSupportedConstraints();if(!supports["width"]||!supports["height"]){// Treat like an error.}var constraints ={
width:{min:640, ideal:1280},
height:{min:480, ideal:720},
advanced:[{width:1920, height:1280},{aspectRatio:1.3333333333}]};
The ordering of advanced ConstraintSets is significant. In the preceding
example it is impossible to satisfy both the 1920x1280 ConstraintSet and
the 4x3 aspect ratio ConstraintSet at the same time. Since the 1920x1280
occurs first in the list, the User Agent will attempt to satisfy it first.
Application authors can therefore implement a backoff strategy by
specifying multiple optional ConstraintSets for the same property. For
example, an application might specify three optional ConstraintSets, the
first asking for a frame rate greater than 500, the second asking for a
frame rate greater than 400, and the third asking for one greater than 300.
If the User Agent is capable of setting a frame rate greater than 500, it
will (and the subsequent two ConstraintSets will be trivially satisfied).
However, if the User Agent cannot set the frame rate above 500, it will
skip that ConstraintSet and attempt to set the frame rate above 400. If
that fails, it will then try to set it above 300. If the User Agent cannot
satisfy any of the three ConstraintSets, it will set the frame rate to any
value it can get. If the developers wanted to insist on 300 as a lower
bound, they could provide that as a 'min' value in the basic ConstraintSet.
In that case, the User Agent would fail altogether if it couldn't get a
value over 300, but would choose a value over 500 if possible, then try for
a value over 400.
Note that, unlike basic constraints, the constraints within a
ConstraintSet in the advanced list must be satisfied together or skipped
together. Thus, {width: 1920, height: 1280} is a request for that specific
resolution, not a request for that width or that height. One can think of
the basic constraints as requesting an or (non-exclusive) of the individual
constraints, while each advanced ConstraintSet is requesting an and of the
individual constraints in the ConstraintSet. An application may inspect the
full set of Constraints currently in effect via the
getConstraints() accessor.
The specific value that the User Agent chooses for a constrainable
property is referred to as a Setting. For example, if the application
applies a ConstraintSet specifying that the frameRate must be at least 30
frames per second, and no greater than 40, the Setting can be any
intermediate value, e.g., 32, 35, or 37 frames per second. The application
can query the current settings of the object's constrainable properties via
the getSettings() accessor.
11.1 Interface Definition
Although this specification formally defines ConstrainablePattern as a
WebIDL interface, it is actually a template or pattern for other
interfaces and cannot be inherited directly since the return values of
the methods need to be extended, something WebIDL cannot do. Thus, each
interface that wishes to make use of the functionality defined here will
have to provide its own copy of the WebIDL for the functions and
interfaces given here. However it can refer to the semantics defined
here, which will not change. See MediaStreamTrack Interface
Definition for an example of this.
When the User Agent is no longer able to satisfy the
requiredConstraints from the currently valid Constraints, the
User Agent MUST queue a task that fires an
OverconstrainedErrorEvent, initialized as described in the
following paragraph, at the constrainable object. The event firing
task MAY also be used to update the constrainable object as a
result of the overconstrained situation.
The OverconstrainedErrorEvent references an
OverconstrainedError whose constraint
attribute is set to one of the requiredConstraints that can no
longer be satisfied. The message attribute of the
OverconstrainedErrorSHOULD contain a string that is useful
for debugging. The conditions under which this error might occur are
platform and application-specific. For example, the user might physically
manipulate a camera in a way that makes it impossible to provide a
resolution or frameRate that satisfies the constraints. The User Agent
MAY take other actions as a result of the overconstrained situation.
The applyConstraints() algorithm for applying
constraints is stated below. Here are some preliminary definitions
that are used in the statement of the algorithm:
We use the term settings dictionary for the set of
values that might be applied as settings to the object.
For string valued constraints, we define "==" below to be true if
one of the values in the sequence is exactly the same as the value
being compared against.
We define the fitness distance between a settings
dictionary and a constraint set CS as the sum, for
each constraint provided for a constraint name in CS, of
the following values:
If the constraint is not supported by the browser, the fitness
distance is 0.
If the constraint is required ('min', 'max', or 'exact'), and
the settings dictionary's value for the constraint does
not satisfy the constraint, the fitness distance is positive
infinity.
If no ideal value is specified, the fitness distance is 0.
For all positive numeric non-required constraints (such as
height, width, frameRate, aspectRatio, sampleRate and sampleSize),
the fitness distance is the result of the formula
For all string and enum non-required constraints (deviceId,
groupId, facingMode, echoCancellation), the fitness distance is the
result of the formula
(actual == ideal) ? 0 : 1
More definitions:
We refer to each element of a ConstraintSet (other than the
special term 'advanced') as a 'constraint' since it is intended to
constrain the acceptable settings for the given property from the
full list or range given in the corresponding Capability of the
ConstrainablePattern object to a value that is within the range or
list of values it specifies.
We refer to the "effective Capability" C of an object O as the
possibly proper subset of the possible values of C (as returned by
getCapabilities) taking into consideration environmental
limitations and/or restrictions placed by other constraints. For
example given a ConstraintSet that constrains the aspectRatio,
height, and width properties, the values assigned to any two of the
properties limit the effective Capability of the third. The set of
effective Capabilities may be platform dependent. For example, on a
resource-limited device it may not be possible to set properties P1
and P2 both to 'high', while on another less limited device, this
may be possible.
A settings dictionary, which is a set of values for the
constrainable properties of an object O, satisfies ConstraintSet CS
if the fitness distance between the set and CS is less than
infinity.
A set of ConstraintSets CS1...CSn (n >= 1) can be satisfied
by an object O if it is possible to find a settings dictionary of O
that satisfies CS1...CSn simultaneously.
To apply a set of ConstraintSets CS1...CSn to object O is to
choose such a sequence of values that satisfy CS1...CSn and assign
them as the settings for the properties of O.
We define the SelectSettings algorithm as follows:
Each constraint specifies one or
more values (or a range of values) for its property. A property MAY
appear more than once in the list of 'advanced' ConstraintSets. If
an empty object or list has been given as the value for a
constraint, it MUST be interpreted as if the constraint were not
specified (in other words, an empty constraint == no constraint).
Note that unknown properties are discarded by WebIDL, which
means that unknown/unsupported required constraints will silently
disappear. To avoid this being a surprise, application authors
are expected to first use the
getSupportedConstraints() method as shown in the
Examples below.
Let object be the
ConstrainablePattern object on which this
algorithm is applied. Let copy be an unconstrained copy
of object (i.e., copy should behave as if it
were object with all ConstraintSets removed.)
If candidates is empty, return
undefined as the result of the
SelectSettings() algorithm.
Iterate over the 'advanced' ConstraintSets in
newConstraints in the order in which they were
specified. For each ConstraintSet:
compute the fitness distance between it and each settings
dictionary in candidates, treating bare values of
properties as exact.
If the fitness distance is finite for one or more settings
dictionaries in candidates, keep those settings
dictionaries in candidates, discarding others.
If the fitness distance is infinite for all settings
dictionaries in candidates, ignore this
ConstraintSet.
Select one settings dictionary from candidates, and
return it as the result of the SelectSettings()
algorithm. The UA SHOULD use the one with the smallest
fitness distance, as calculated in step 3.
When applyConstraints is called, the User Agent MUST
run the following steps:
Let p be a new promise.
Let newContraints be the argument to this
function.
Run the following steps in parallel:
Let successfulSettings be the result of running
the SelectSettings algorithm with
newConstraints as the constraint set.
If successfulSettings is
undefined, let failedConstraint be
any required constraint whose fitness distance was infinity
for all settings dictionaries examined while executing the
SelectSettings algorithm, let
message be either undefined or an
informative human-readable message, reject p with
a new OverconstrainedError created by calling
OverconstrainedError(failedConstraint,
message), and abort these steps. The
existing constraints remain in effect in this case.
In a single operation, remove the existing constraints from
object, apply newConstraints, and apply
successfulSettings as the current settings.
Finally, resolve p. From this point on until
applyConstraints() is called successfully again,
getConstraints() must
return the newConstraints that were passed as an
argument to this call.
Return p.
Note
Any implementation that has the same result as the algorithm
above is an allowed implementation. For instance, the
implementation may choose to keep track of the maximum and minimum
values for a setting that are OK under the constraints considered,
rather than keeping track of all possible values for the
setting.
Note
When picking a settings dictionary, the UA can use any
information available to it. Examples of such information may be
whether the selection is done as part of device selection in
getUserMedia, whether the energy usage of the camera varies between
the settings dictionaries, or whether using a settings dictionary
will cause the device driver to apply resampling.
The User Agent MAY choose new settings for the constrainable
properties of the object at any time. When it does so it MUST attempt
to satisfy the current Constraints, in the manner described in the
algorithm above.
A new constraint structure to apply to this object.
Return type: Promise<void>
getCapabilities
The getCapabilities() method returns the dictionary of
the names of the constrainable properties that the object
supports.
Note
It is possible that the underlying hardware may not exactly map
to the range defined for the constrainable property. Where this is
possible, the entry SHOULD define how to translate and scale the
hardware's setting onto the values defined for the property. For
example, suppose that a hypothetical fluxCapacitance property
ranges from -10 (min) to 10 (max), but there are common hardware
devices that support only values of "off" "medium" and "full". The
constrainable property definition might specify that for such
hardware, the User Agent should map the range value of -10 to
"off", 10 to "full", and 0 to "medium". It might also indicate that
given a ConstraintSet imposing a strict value of 3, the User Agent
should attempt to set the value of "medium" on the hardware, and
that getSettings() should return a
fluxCapacitance of 0, since that is the value defined as
corresponding to "medium".
The getConstraints method returns the Constraints that
were the argument to the most recent successful call of
applyConstraints(), maintaining the order in which they
were specified. Note that some of the optional ConstraintSets
returned may not be currently satisfied. To check which
ConstraintSets are currently in effect, the application should use
getSettings.
The getSettings() method returns the current settings
of all the constrainable properties of the object, whether they are
platform defaults or have been set by
applyConstraints(). Note that the actual setting of a
property MUST be a single value.
var supports = navigator.mediaDevices.getSupportedConstraints();if(!supports["facingMode"]){// Treat like an error.}var constraints ={
width:{
min:640},
height:{
min:480},
advanced:[{
width:650},{
width:{
min:650}},{
frameRate:60},{
width:{
max:800}},{
facingMode:"user"}]};
Here is another example, specifically for a video track where I must
have a particular camera and have separate preferences for the width and
height:
Example 5
var supports = navigator.mediaDevices.getSupportedConstraints();if(!supports["deviceId"]){// Treat like an error.}var constraints ={
deviceId:{exact:"20983-20o198-109283-098-09812"},
advanced:[{
width:{
min:800,
max:1200}},{
height:{
min:600}}]};
And here's one for an audio track:
Example 6
var supports = navigator.mediaDevices.getSupportedConstraints();if(!supports["deviceId"]||!supports["volume"]){// Treat like an error.}var constraints ={
advanced:[{
deviceId:"64815-wi3c89-1839dk-x82-392aa"},{
volume:0.5}]};
Here's an example of use of ideal:
Example 7
var supports = navigator.mediaDevices.getSupportedConstraints();if(!supports["aspectRatio"]||!supports["facingMode"]){// Treat like an error.}var gotten = navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia({
video:{
width:{min:320, ideal:1280, max:1920},
height:{min:240, ideal:720, max:1080},
frameRate:30,// Shorthand for ideal.// facingMode: "environment" would be optional.
facingMode:{exact:"environment"}}});
Here's an example of "I want 720p, but I can accept up to 1080p and
down to VGA.":
Example 8
var supports = navigator.mediaDevices.getSupportedConstraints();if(!supports["width"]||!supports["height"]){// Treat like an error.}var gotten = navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia({video:{
width:{min:640, ideal:1280, max:1920},
height:{min:480, ideal:720, max:1080},}});
Here's an example of "I want a front-facing camera and it must be
VGA.":
Example 9
var supports = navigator.mediaDevices.getSupportedConstraints();if(!supports["width"]||!supports["height"]||!supports["facingMode"]){// Treat like an error.}var gotten = navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia({video:{
facingMode:{exact:"user"},
width:{exact:640},
height:{exact:480}}});
11.2 Types for Constrainable Properties
The syntax for the specification of the set of legal values depends on
the type of the values. In addition to the standard atomic types
(boolean, long, double, DOMString), legal values include lists of any of
the atomic types, plus min-max ranges, as defined below.
List values MUST be interpreted as disjunctions. For example, if a
property 'facingMode' for a camera is defined as having legal values
["left", "right", "user", "environment"], this means that 'facingMode'
can have the values "left", "right", "environment", and "user". Similarly
Constraints restricting 'facingMode' to ["user", "left", "right"]
would mean that the User Agent should select a camera (or point the
camera, if that is possible) so that "facingMode" is either "user",
"left", or "right". This Constraint would thus request that the camera
not be facing away from the user, but would allow the User Agent to allow
the user to choose other directions.
Capabilities is a dictionary containing one or more
key-value pairs, where each key MUST be a constrainable property, and
each value MUST be a subset of the set of values allowed for that
property. The exact syntax of the value expression depends on the type of
the property. The Capabilities dictionary specifies which constrainable
properties that can be applied, as constraints, to the
constrainable object. Note that the Capabilities of a
constrainable objectMAY be a subset of the properties defined in
the Web platform, with a subset of the set values for those properties.
Note that Capabilities are returned from the User Agent to the
application, and cannot be specified by the
application. However, the application can control the Settings that the
User Agent chooses for constrainable properties by means of
Constraints.
An example of a Capabilities dictionary is shown below. In this case,
the constrainable object is a video source with a very limited set
of Capabilities.
The next example below points out that capabilities for range values
provide ranges for individual constrainable properties, not combinations.
This is particularly relevant for video width and height, since the
ranges for width and height are reported separately. In the example, if
the constrainable object can only provide 640x480 and 800x600
resolutions the relevant capabilities returned would be:
Note in the example above that the aspectRatio would make clear that
arbitrary combination of widths and heights are not possible, although it
would still suggest that more than two resolutions were available.
A
specification using the Constrainable Pattern should not subclass the
below dictionary, but instead provide its own definition. See
MediaTrackCapabilities for an example.
dictionary Capabilities {
};
11.4 Settings
Settings is a dictionary containing one or more key-value
pairs. It MUST contain each key returned in
getCapabilities(). There MUST be a single value for each key
and the value MUST be a member of the set defined for that property by
getCapabilities(). The Settings dictionary
contains the actual values that the User Agent has chosen for the
object's constrainable properties. The exact syntax of the value depends
on the type of the property.
A conforming User Agent MUST support all the constrainable properties
defined in this specification.
An example of a Settings dictionary is shown below. This example is
not very realistic in that a browser would actually be required to
support more constrainable properties than just these.
Example 12
{
frameRate:30.0,
facingMode:"user"}
A specification using the Constrainable Pattern should not subclass the
below dictionary, but instead provide its own definition. See
MediaTrackSettings for an example.
dictionary Settings {
};
11.5 Constraints and ConstraintSet
Due to the limitations of WebIDL, interfaces implementing the
Constrainable Pattern cannot simply subclass Constraints and
ConstraintSet as they are defined here. Instead they must provide their
own definitions that follow this pattern. See MediaTrackConstraints for an example of
this.
dictionary ConstraintSet {
};
Each member of a ConstraintSet corresponds to a constrainable property
and specifies a subset of the property's legal Capability values.
Applying a ConstraintSet instructs the User Agent to restrict the
settings of the corresponding constrainable properties to the specified
values or ranges of values. A given property MAY occur both in the basic
Constraints set and in the advanced ConstraintSets list, and MAY occur at
most once in each ConstraintSet in the advanced list.
This is the list of ConstraintSets that the User Agent MUST
attempt to satisfy, in order, skipping only those that cannot be
satisfied. The order of these ConstraintSets is significant. In
particular, when they are passed as an argument to
applyConstraints, the User Agent MUST try to satisfy
them in the order that is specified. Thus if optional ConstraintSets
C1 and C2 can be satisfied individually, but not together, then
whichever of C1 and C2 is first in this list will be satisfied, and
the other will not. The User Agent MUST attempt to satisfy all
optional ConstraintSets in the list, even if some cannot be
satisfied. Thus, in the preceding example, if optional constraint C3
is specified after C1 and C2, the User Agent will attempt to satisfy
C3 even though C2 cannot be satisfied. Note that a given property
name may occur only once in each ConstraintSet but may occur in more
than one ConstraintSet.
12. Examples
This sample code exposes a button. When clicked, the button is
disabled and the user is prompted to offer a stream. The user can cause
the button to be re-enabled by providing a stream (e.g., giving the page
access to the local camera) and then disabling the stream (e.g., revoking
that access).
This example allows people to take photos of themselves from the local
video camera. Note that the Image Capture specification [image-capture]
provides a simpler way to accomplish this.
Example 14
<article><stylescoped>
video { transform: scaleX(-1);}
p { text-align: center;}</style><h1>Snapshot Kiosk</h1><sectionid="splash"><pid="errorMessage">Loading...</p></section><sectionid="app"hidden><p><videoid="monitor"autoplay></video><canvasid="photo"></canvas><p><inputtype=buttonvalue="📷"onclick="snapshot()"></section><script>var video = document.getElementById('monitor');var canvas = document.getElementById('photo');
navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia({
video:true}).then(function(stream){
video.srcObject = stream;
video.onloadedmetadata =function(){
canvas.width = video.videoWidth;
canvas.height = video.videoHeight;
document.getElementById('splash').hidden =true;
document.getElementById('app').hidden =false;};}).catch(function(reason){
document.getElementById('errorMessage').textContent ='No camera available.';});function snapshot(){
canvas.getContext('2d').drawImage(video,0,0);}</script></article>
13. Privacy and Security Considerations
This section is non-normative; it specifies no new behavior, but instead
summarizes information already present in other parts of the
specification.
This document extends the Web platform with the ability to manage input
devices for media - in this iteration, microphones, and cameras. It also
allows the manipulation of audio output devices (speakers and headphones).
Capturing audio and video exposes personally-identifiable information to
applications, and this specification requires obtaining explicit user
consent before sharing it.
Without authorization (to the "drive-by web"), it offers the ability to
tell how many devices there are of each class, and how they are grouped
together (e.g. a microphone and camera belonging to a single Web cam). The
identifiers for the devices are designed to not be useful for a fingerprint
that can track the user between origins, but the number and grouping of
devices adds to the fingerprint surface. It recommends to treat the
per-origin persistent identifier deviceId as other persistent
storages (e.g. cookies) are treated.
When authorization is given, this document describes how to get access
to, and use, media data from the devices mentioned. This data may be
sensitive; advice is given that indicators should be supplied to indicate
that devices are in use, but both the nature of authorization and the
indicators of in-use devices are platform decisions.
Authorization may be given on a case-by-case basis, or be persistent. In
the case of a case-by-case authorization, it is important that the user be
able to say "no" in a way that prevents the UI from blocking user
interaction until permission is given - either by offering a way to say a
"persistent NO" or by not using a modal permissions dialog.
When authorization to any media device is given, application developers
gain access to the labels of all available media capture devices. In most
cases, the labels are persistent across browsing sessions and across
origins that have also been granted authorization, and thus potentially
provide a way to track a given device across time and origins.
For origins to which permission has been granted, the devicechange
event will be emitted across browsing contexts and origins each time a new
media device is added or removed; user agents can mitigate the risk of
correlation of browsing activity across origins by fuzzing the timing of
these events.
Once a developer gains access to a media stream from a capture device,
the developer also gains access to detailed information about the device,
including its range of operating capabilities (e.g. available resolutions
for a camera). These operating capabilities are for the most part
persistent across browsing sessions and origins, and thus provide a way to
track a given device across time and origins.
Once access to a video stream from a capture device is obtained, that
stream can most likely be used to fingerprint uniquely the said device
(e.g. via dead pixel detection).
It is possible to use constraints so that the failure of a getUserMedia
call will return information about devices on the system without prompting
the user, which increases the surface available for fingerprinting. The
User Agent should consider limiting the rate at which failed getUserMedia
calls are allowed in order to limit this additional surface.
In the case of persistent authorization via a stored permission,
it is important that it is easy
to find the list of granted permissions and revoke permissions that the
user wishes to revoke.
Once permission has been granted, the User Agent should make two things
readily apparent to the user:
That the page has access to the devices for which permission is
given
Whether or not any of the devices are presently recording ("on air")
indicator
Note
Developers of sites with stored permissions should be careful that
these permissions not be abused. These permissions can be revoked using
the [permissions] API.
In particular, they should not make it possible to automatically send
audio or video streams from authorized media devices to an end point that
a third party can select.
Indeed, if a site offered URLs such as
https://webrtc.example.org/?call=user that would
automatically set up calls and transmit audio/video to
user, it would be open for instance to the
following abuse:
Users who have granted stored permissions to
https://webrtc.example.org/ could be tricked to send their
audio/video streams to an attacker EvilSpy by following a
link or being redirected to
https://webrtc.example.org/?user=EvilSpy.
Although [RTCWEB-SECURITY-ARCH] Section 5.2 indicates that
implementations may refuse all access permissions for HTTP origins, it
recommends that implementations allow one-time camera/microphone access.
While allowing one-time access for HTTP origins is convenient, this makes
it possible for an attacker to obtain access to the camera/microphone of
an unsuspecting user.
14. Extensibility
This section is non-normative.
Although new versions of this specification may be produced in the
future, it is also expected that other standards will need to define new
capabilities that build upon those in this specification. The purpose of
this section is to provide guidance to creators of such extensions.
Any WebIDL-defined interfaces, methods, or attributes in the
specification may be extended. Two likely extension points are defining a
new media type and defining a new constrainable property.
14.1 Defining a new media type (beyond the existing Audio and Video
types)
At a minimum, defining a new media type would require
adding a new getXXXXTracks() method for the type to the
MediaStream interface,
Creators of extension specifications are strongly encouraged to notify
the Media Capture Task Force of their extension by emailing the list at
public-media-capture@w3.org.
Future versions of this specification and others created by the Media
Capture Task Force will take into consideration all extensions they are
aware of in an attempt to reduce potential usage conflicts.
15. Change Log
This section will be removed before publication.
Changes since April 6, 2016
[#333] Restrict devicechange event to apps with list-devices permission
[#338] Make ended event a simple event
[#342] Remove obsolte error names table
[#343] Clarify language around stored permission and revocation
[#345] Issue 316: add links to constrainable properties
Changes since February 22, 2016
[#318] MediaStreamTrack.stop(): Address early return for non-locally sourced tracks
[#319] Add text that incorporates Permission API's definition of permission handling.
[#321] Remove track attributes "remote" and "readonly"
[#323] Remove unused images
[#324, #325] editorial fixes
[#329, #330] Clarify that, with permission, deviceID persists as with other storage such as cookies but that groupID never persists
[#331] Use NotAllowedError for permission failure in getUserMedia algorithm
Changes since December 23, 2015
[#301, #292] getSupportedConstraints(): Remove prose about dictionary
member default values
[#306, #288] Explain WebIDL limitation for ConstrainablePattern
[#308] Clarify how the generic applyConstraints algorithm applies to
MediaStreamTracks
[#309, #267] Specify permission model for nested browsing
contexts
[#313, #268] Extend iframe with a new allowusermedia attribute
[#315, #307, #296] Clarify how Capabilites should work
Changes since December 8, 2015
[#286] Fix facingMode in MediaTrackCapabilities and example
[#289] Describe the echoCancellation capability
[#290] Use single double instead of same max and min for the
aspectRadio capability in example
[#291] Remove MediaStream active/inactive events
[#284] Clarify that constraint in overconstrainederror is defined in
selectSettings
[#297] Add new extension text
Changes since September 25, 2015
[#259] Specify that groupId is to be cleared when cookies are
[#261, #255] Warn against UUID fingerprinting
[#260] Update privacy section with lessons from TAG
questionnaire
[#262] Mark sources of fingerprinting
[#258] Reorganize definition of constrainable properties without a
registry
[#266] Add detailed steps for removeTrack() and fix a security
considerations issue
[#272] Fix applyConstraints steps to avoid unused var and bail on
reject
[#273] Add exception for stored permissions in text about stopped
sources and revoked permissions
[#278, #250] PING: Refer to security-arch on the MUST inside Best
Practice for HTTPS
[#280] Let removeTrack() reference the 'remove a track' steps
[#282] Clarify equality for string constraints
[#279, #193] Used frame rate for generic concept
Changes since August 26, 2015
[#226] Typedef MediaStreamError to be an object.
[#253] Clarify in section 5 that tracks don't request changes, but
they can want different settings based on application use of
applyConstraints.
[#239] Reject gUM promise with a TypeError if no media types are
given.
[#240] Specify that groupid is origin-unique.
[#241] Reference WebIDL-1.
[#245] Make applyConstraints argument optional.
[#247] Clean up language in SelectSettings.
Changes since June 29, 2015
[#204] Use WebIDL [SameObject] extended attribute
[#209] Once you implement a MediaTrackSupportedConstraints member,
you support it
[#208] Add WebIDL definitions to Constrainable Pattern section to
pass WebIDL validator
[#201, #207] Specify order of add/removetrack and active/inactive
events
[#194, #162] New Overconstrainederror
[#213] Fix Not Found Error in gUM algorithm
[#181] Remove text about firing event handlers (from event handler
attribute descriptions)
Changes since May 23, 2015
[LC-3016, #171] Referring to html5.1 for describing srcObject in
media elements
[LC-3011, #196, #200] Replace 'invoke MediaDevices.getUserMedia()'
with a reference to the algorithm
[LC-3017, #188] Changed SourceAvailableError to a NotReadableError
DOMException
[LC-3017, #187] Changed PermissionDeniedError to a SecurityError
DOMException
[LC-3017, #185] Changed NotSupportedError from a MediaStreamError to
a DOMException
[LC-3017, #184] Changed AbortError from a MediaStreamError to a
DOMException
[#180, #195] Replaced asynchronously with in parallel
[LC-3017, #186] Change NotFoundError from a MediaStreamError to a
DOMException
[#174, #182] Tidy up getUserMedia() algorithm
[LC-3022, #177] Add latency constraint
[#178, #179] Add serializer to MediaDeviceInfo.
[LC-3025, #175] Add note about addtrack and removetrack not being
used by this spec
[LC-3018, #163, #172] Use [Exposed]
Changes since April 10, 2015
[PR #156] Fix broken fragment
[Issue #164] Removed detach source from descriptions
[PR #166] Added steps describing the procedure to update a track's
muted state.
[PR #167] Refer to internal algorithms for track adding and cloning
instead of API layer methods
[PR #168] Remove setting the active state in MediaStream
constructor
[PR #169] Use required dictionary track dictionary member on
MediaStreamTrackEventInit
[Issue #180] Switch terminology from "asynchronously" to "in
parallel" to follow the HTML standard
Changes since March 24, 2015
[PR #151] Remove outdated issues in the doc
[PR #152] using "browsing session" instead of "session"
[PR #153] short descriptions of arguments to callbacks in
callback-based gUM
Changes since February 2, 2015
Added getUserMedia() implementation suggestion as discussed in issue
#67
Issue 139: Clarified in SelectSettings algorithm that an empty
constraint is to be treated as no constraint.
Issue 128: Clarified in SelectSettings that bare values mean exact in
the advanced array and ideal otherwise.
[PR#37/Bug 26654] Webidl in Constrainable
[Issue #141] MediaDeviceInfo.label and .groupId should not be
nullable
[PR #150] Update text for how constraint dictionaries get
extended
Changes since October 27, 2014
Bug 26953: Added more detail to the definition of volume.
Clarified in section 4.1 that synchronization is only an intention
because some tracks cannot be synchronized.
Introduced and made consistent use of the term 'constrainable
property' everywhere we refer to a property which can have Capabilities,
Constraints, and Settings.
Changed constraint definition text using concepts and some direct
text from PR 61.
Bug 113 (old 25771): Explanation of constraints in GUM call. Rewrote
algorithm with separate SelectSettings step, used both in GUM and in
applyConstraints.
Changes since September 24, 2014
Bug 25809: Added note warning about abuse of call-me URLs.
Bug 26918: Added note on clearing deviceId when clearing
cookies.
Bug 25777: Added example of capabilities when only two video sizes
are available.
Bug 26654: Added ConstrainBoolean.
Bug 26810: All callback-based methods have been converted to use
Promises, except for the version of getUserMedia() defined under
NavigatorUserMedia.
Changes since September 9, 2014
Bug 22214: How long do permissions persist?
Define algorithm for processing non-required constraints.
Bug 24933: deviceId is not registered as constraints, so apps can't
choose device based on the device enumeration
Bug 25609: MediaStreamErrorEvent is incomplete
Changes since August 17, 2014
Bug 25988: Need a list of MediaStreamError "name" values
Bug 26623: Use commonest spelling of "cancellation"
Bug 25767: Missing Ref to Image Capture spec
Bug 22271: Terminology section should not have conformance
requirements
Changes since July 4, 2014
Bug 22251: Added new NotFoundError, AbortError, SourceUnavailable
errors to gUM call.
Bug 25786: User Agent allowance of files to be substituted for any
input device is now permitted but not listed as best practice, i.e., no
longer specifically recommended.
Changes since June 19, 2014
Bug 22354: Added privacy and security section.
Bug 25784: "on air" indication is underspecified - separated "access
granted" and "on air" indicators.
Bug 26192: add onoverconstrained to MediaStreamTrack
Bug 25776: add groupID to MediaTrackConstraintSet
Bug 25780: Clarify step 3 of MediaStream.clone
Bug 25804: Change 'remote' attribute definition
Bug 25650: In getUserMedia algorithm if user denies permission spec
is wrongly redirecting to Constraint Failure.
Bug 25605: Definition of MediaStreamTrackEvent is not complete
Bug 25651: All the links in spec should redirect to specified
contents without failure.
Bug 25725: getUserMedia constraints should be non-nullable
Bug 25763: does the ID really have to be exactly 36 char long?
Bug 24934: invalid definition for the "seekable" attribute when
MediaStream is set to srcObject.
Removed MediaStreamTrack new state (sourceType none removed as a
consequence) (as discussed in bug 25787).
Bug 25801: Remove getNativeSettings()
Changes since May 7, 2014
Clarified that skipping of optional/advanced ConstraintSets is only
permitted if they cannot be satisfied, not merely because the User Agent
wishes to.
Bug 25855: Clarification about conformance requirements phrased as
algorithms
Bug 25803: Mark section entitled "The model: sources, sinks,
constraints, and settings" as non-normative
Bug 24015: Add callback to indicate when available media devices
change (introduced Navigator.mediaDevices)
Bug 25860: make sure we have a bug to have a getTracks that gives you
all the tracks
Bug 25884: applied constraint syntax consensus as realized in June 9
WG email from Peter Thatcher.
Moved getSupportedConstraints() method to MediaDevices object.
Added stricter requirements on the getSupportedConstraints() return
value.
Added issue note in Constrainable Pattern section that ideal is not
yet defined.
Added issue note for applyConstraints that how multiple
unorderedConstraints are to be satisfied together is not yet
defined.
Added informative notes that WebIDL discards unknown required
properties and that application authors need to use the
getSupportedConstraints() method.
Cleaned up the MediaStream API intro section (mainly MediaStream
behavior that have moved to MediaStreamTrack).
The concept of MediaStreamTrack with a detachable source is now used
throughout the spec (removed language saying that a MST could be
disassociated from its track).
Moved peerIdentity related text to WebRTC.
Changes since March 21, 2014
New webIDL for Constrainable and Constraints.
Bug 24931: changed MediaError to MediaStreamError.
Bug 23817: Redundant TOC headers 8.1 & 9.1
Bug 25230: readyState attribute must be inherited while cloning a
MediaStreamTrack
Bug 25249: Source should be detached when a MediaStreamTrack stops
for any reason other than stop
Updated Event Summary section to match the spec regarding
MediaStreamTrack.stop() (as discussed in bug 25248)
Made the MediaStream() constructor behave like addTrack() WRT adding
ended tracks (as discussed in bug 25250).
Bug 25262: MediaStream Constructor algorithm must also check for
MediaStreamTracks "ended" state while initializing "active" state.
Bug 25276: Initialization for VideoTrack.selected attribute is
missing while specifying steps for "Loading and Playing a MediaStream in
a Media Element"
Changed syntax of constraints to use 'require' and 'advanced' and
support non-required, non-advanced constraints.
Bug 25360: MediaStreamTrack should not be considered as ended just
because remote peer stopped sending data.
Bug 25275: VideoTrackList.selectedIndex initialization conflicts with
HTML5 spec, "if no track is selected".
Removed mentioning of MediaStream received from other peer (as
discussed in bug 25361).
Bug 22263: Clarify synchronization of tracks in a MediaStream
Bug 25441: Overconstrained muted state should not link with
MediaStreamTrack.readyState
Changes since February 18, 2014
Bug 24928: Remove MediaStream state check from addTrack()
algorithm.
Bug 24930: Remove MediaStream state check from the removeTrack()
algorithm.
Added native settings to tracks.
Removed videoMediaStreamTrack and audioMediaStreamTrack since they
are no longer necessary.
Changes since December 25, 2013
Make optional constraints a list of ConstraintSets. Make
ConstraintSet an object.
Remove noaccess, move peerIdentity
Add constraints for sampleRate, sampleSize, and
echoCancellation.
Aligned text in remainder of document with Constrainable
changes.
Removed statements that constraints are not applied to read-only
sources
Changes since November 5, 2013
ACTION-25: Switch mediastream.inactive to mediastream.active.
ACTION-26: Rewrite stop to only detach the track's source.
Bug 22338: Arbitrary changing of tracks.
Bug 23125: Use double rather than float.
Bug 22712: VideoFacingMode enum needs an illustration.
Moved constraints into a separate Constrainable interface.
Created a separate section on error handling.
Changes since October 17, 2013
Bug 23263: Add output device enumeration to GetSources
Introduced the Constrainable interface.
Change consensus note on constraints in IANA section.
Removed createObjectURL.
Bug 22209: Should not use MUST requirements on values provided by the
developer.
Changes since August 24, 2013
Bug 22269: Renamed getSourceInfos() to getSources() and made the
result async.
Bug 22229: Editorial input
Bug 22243: Clarify readonly track
Bug 22259: Disabled mediastreamtrack and state of media element
Bug 22226: Remove check of same source from MediaStream constructor
algorithm
Replaced ended with inactive for MediaStream (resolves bug
21618).
Bug 22264: MediaStream.ended set to true on creation
Bug 22272: Permission revocation via MediaStreamTrack.stop()
Bug 22248: Relationship between MediaStreamTrack and HTML5
VideoTrack/AudioTrack after MediaStream assignment
Bug 22247: Setting loop attribute on a media element reading from a
MediaStream
Changes since July 4, 2013
Bug 21967: Added paragraph on MediaStreamTrack enabled state and
updated cloning algorithm.
Bug 22210: Make getUserMedia() algorithm use all numbered items.
Bug 22250: Fixed accidentally overridden error.
Bug 22211: Added async error when no valid media type is
requested.
Bug 22216: Made NavigatorUserMediaError extend DOMError.
Bug 22249: Throw on attempts to set currentTime on media elements
playing MediaStream objects.
Bug 22246: Made media.buffered have length 0.
Bug 22692: Updated media element to use HAVE_NOTHING state before
media arrives on the played MediaStream and HAVE_ENOUGH_DATA as soon as
media arrives.
May 29, 2013
Bug 22252: fixed usage of MUST in MediaStream() constructor
description.
Bug 22215: made MediaStream.ended readonly.
Bug 21967: clarified MediaStreamTrack.enabled state initial
value.
Added aspectRatio constraint, capability, and state.
Updated usage of MediaStreams in media elements.
May 15, 2013
Added explanatory section for constraints, capabilities, and
states.
Added VideoFacingModeEnum (including left and right options).
Added getSourceInfos() and SourceInfo dictionary.
Added isolated streams.
April 29, 2013
Removed remaining photo APIs and references (since we have a separate
Image Capture Spec).
March 20, 2013
Added readonly and remote attributes to MediaStreamTrack
Removed getConstraint(), setConstraint(), appendConstraint(), and
prependConstraint().
Added source states. Added states() method on tracks. Moved
sourceType and sourceId to be states.
Added source capabilities. Added capabilities() method on
tracks.
Added clarifying text about MediaStreamTrack lifecycle and
mediaflow.
Made MediaStreamTrack cloning explicit.
Removed takePhoto() and friends from VideoStreamTrack (we have a
separate Image Capture Spec).
Made getUserMedia() error callback mandatory.
December 12, 2012
Changed error code to be string instead of number.
Added core of settings proposal allowing for constraint changes after
stream/track creation.
November 15 2012
Introduced new representation of tracks in a stream (removed
MediaStreamTrackList).
Updated MediaStreamTrack.readyState to use an enum type (instad of
unsigned short constants).
Renamed MediaStream.label to MediaStream.id (the definition needs
some more work).
October 1 2012
Limited the track kind values to "audio" and "video" only (could
previously be user defined as well).
Made MediaStream extend EventTarget.
Simplified the MediaStream constructor.
June 23 2012
Rename title to "Media Capture and Streams".
Update document to comply with HTML5.
Update image describing a MediaStream.
Add known issues and various other editorial changes.
Add definitions of MediaStreams and related objects.
Dec 21 2011
Changed to make wanted media opt in (rather than opt out). Minor
edits.
Nov 29 2011
Changed examples to use MediaStreamOptions objects rather than
strings. Minor edits.
Nov 15 2011
Removed MediaStream stuff. Refers to webrtc 1.0 spec for that part
instead.
Nov 9 2011
Created first version by copying the webrtc spec and ripping out
stuff. Put it on github.
A. Acknowledgements
The editors wish to thank the Working Group chairs and Team Contact,
Harald Alvestrand, Stefan Håkansson, Erik Lagerway and Dominique
Hazaël-Massieux, for their support. Substantial text in this specification
was provided by many people including
Jim Barnett, Harald Alvestrand, Travis
Leithead, Josh Soref, Martin Thomson,
Jan-Ivar Bruaroey, Peter Thatcher,
Dominique Hazaël-Massieux, and Stefan
Håkansson. Dan Burnett would like to acknowledge the significant support
received from Voxeo and Aspect during the development of this
specification.
